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Cellular Effects of Altered Gravity on the Innate Immune System and the Endothelial Barrier

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The Immune System in Space: Are we prepared?

Part of the book series: SpringerBriefs in Space Life Sciences ((BRIEFSSLS))

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Abstract

To protect the human body from pathogens the innate immune system is of central importance. Different specialized cell types fight intruding pathogens as a first line of defense. Another cell type involved in immunity is the endothelial cell. Building up endothelial layers in the vascular system one of their functions is to interact with leukocytes enabling these to reach the site of infection. During spaceflight astronauts suffer from an immunodeficiency that manifests in an enhanced susceptibility for infections. As altered gravity is one of the major factors threatening human health in space, researchers have started in the 1970’s to investigate the effects of altered gravity on human cells as possible underlying mechanisms of space-induced immunodeficiency. In numerous in vitro and in vivo studies strong and specific effects of micro-and hypergravity on cells of the immune system and on endothelial cells were revealed. It has turned out that in cells of the innate immune system altered gravity influences not only basal cellular processes such as cell cycle control, but also specific effector functions such as cytokine secretion, oxidative burst, and surface receptor patterns. In endothelial cells the expression of adhesion molecules, secretion of nitric oxide, and secretion of cytokines are effected by altered gravity. A striking observation made also in other cell types is the reorganization of the cytoskeleton upon altered gravity. As the cytoskeleton can transduce mechanical stimulie into biochemical signal, it is discussed as the primary gravisensor which transduces the notion of gravitational changes to cellular functions.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Anatomy, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse. 190, CH-8057, Zurich, Switzerland

    Svantje Tauber & Oliver Ullrich

  2. Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Machine Design, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany

    Svantje Tauber & Oliver Ullrich

  3. Space Life Sciences Laboratory (SLSL), Kennedy Space Center, 505 Odyssey Way, Exploration Park, FL, 32953, USA

    Oliver Ullrich

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Tauber, S., Ullrich, O. (2016). Cellular Effects of Altered Gravity on the Innate Immune System and the Endothelial Barrier. In: The Immune System in Space: Are we prepared?. SpringerBriefs in Space Life Sciences. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41466-9_4

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