Abstract
Advances in research technology with systematic and unbiased measurements of transcriptional activity revealed the surprising fact of pervasive transcription of mammalian genomes. However, most of these transcripts are not obviously protein coding nor do they reveal easily inferable biological relevance and thus have been termed “noncoding”. This universe of noncoding RNAs with diverse and versatile families such as transfer RNAs (tRNA), ribosomal RNAs (rRNA), micro-RNAs (miRNA) small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNA) has fuelled an entire new branch of research and already challenged major dogmas in molecular biology. Among the diverse classes of noncoding RNAs, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA) have emerged as major regulators of transcription, nucleolar organization, and chromatin-modifying complexes. The goal of this chapter is to present the state of research of lncRNAs in the context of heart disease and heart failure.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Abbreviations
- ChIP-Seq:
-
Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing
- eRNA:
-
Enhancer-associated RNA
- lincRNA:
-
Long intergenic/intervening noncoding RNA
- lncRNA:
-
Long noncoding RNA
- ncRNA:
-
Noncoding RNA
- PARP:
-
Poly ADP ribose polymerase
- RPKM:
-
Reads per kilobase per million mapped reads
- TAC:
-
Transverse aortic constriction
- UTR:
-
Untranslated region
References
1000 Genomes Project Consortium, Abecasis GR, Auton A, Brooks LD, DePristo MA, Durbin RM, Handsaker RE, Kang HM, Marth GT, McVean GA (2012) An integrated map of genetic variation from 1,092 human genomes. Nature 491(7422):56–65. doi:10.1038/nature11632
Anderson DM, Anderson KM, Chang CL, Makarewich CA, Nelson BR, McAnally JR, Kasaragod P, Shelton JM, Liou J, Bassel-Duby R, Olson EN (2015) A micropeptide encoded by a putative long noncoding RNA regulates muscle performance. Cell 160(4):595–606. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2015.01.009
Andrews SJ, Rothnagel JA (2014) Emerging evidence for functional peptides encoded by short open reading frames. Nat Rev Genet 15(3):193–204. doi:10.1038/nrg3520
Backs J, Olson EN (2006) Control of cardiac growth by histone acetylation/deacetylation. Circ Res 98(1):15–24. doi:10.1161/01.RES.0000197782.21444.8f
Berger SL, Kouzarides T, Shiekhattar R, Shilatifard A (2009) An operational definition of epigenetics. Genes Dev 23(7):781–783. doi:10.1101/gad.1787609
Bernstein BE, Stamatoyannopoulos JA, Costello JF, Ren B, Milosavljevic A, Meissner A, Kellis M, Marra MA, Beaudet AL, Ecker JR, Farnham PJ, Hirst M, Lander ES, Mikkelsen TS, Thomson JA (2010) The NIH roadmap epigenomics mapping consortium. Nat Biotechnol 28(10):1045–1048. doi:10.1038/nbt1010-1045
Bertone P, Stolc V, Royce TE, Rozowsky JS, Urban AE, Zhu X, Rinn JL, Tongprasit W, Samanta M, Weissman S, Gerstein M, Snyder M (2004) Global identification of human transcribed sequences with genome tiling arrays. Science 306(5705):2242–2246. doi:10.1126/science.1103388
Brockdorff N (2013) Noncoding RNA and Polycomb recruitment. RNA 19(4):429–442. doi:10.1261/rna.037598.112
Burchfield JS, Xie M, Hill JA (2013) Pathological ventricular remodeling: mechanisms: part 1 of 2. Circulation 128(4):388–400. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.001878
Carninci P, Kasukawa T, Katayama S, Gough J, Frith MC, Maeda N, Oyama R, Ravasi T, Lenhard B, Wells C, Kodzius R, Shimokawa K, Bajic VB, Brenner SE, Batalov S et al (2005) The transcriptional landscape of the mammalian genome. Science 309(5740):1559–1563
Cawley S, Bekiranov S, Ng HH, Kapranov P, Sekinger EA, Kampa D, Piccolboni A, Sementchenko V, Cheng J, Williams AJ, Wheeler R, Wong B, Drenkow J, Yamanaka M, Patel S, Brubaker S, Tammana H, Helt G, Struhl K, Gingeras TR (2004) Unbiased mapping of transcription factor binding sites along human chromosomes 21 and 22 points to widespread regulation of noncoding RNAs. Cell 116(4):499–509
Cech TR, Steitz JA (2014) The noncoding RNA revolution-trashing old rules to forge new ones. Cell 157(1):77–94. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2014.03.008
Cesana M, Cacchiarelli D, Legnini I, Santini T, Sthandier O, Chinappi M, Tramontano A, Bozzoni I (2011) A long noncoding RNA controls muscle differentiation by functioning as a competing endogenous RNA. Cell 147(2):358–369
Chang CP, Bruneau BG (2012) Epigenetics and cardiovascular development. Annu Rev Physiol 74:41–68. doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-020911-153242
Cheng J, Kapranov P, Drenkow J, Dike S, Brubaker S, Patel S, Long J, Stern D, Tammana H, Helt G, Sementchenko V, Piccolboni A, Bekiranov S, Bailey DK, Ganesh M, Ghosh S, Bell I, Gerhard DS, Gingeras TR (2005) Transcriptional maps of 10 human chromosomes at 5-nucleotide resolution. Science 308(5725):1149–1154. doi:10.1126/science.1108625
Chng SC, Ho L, Tian J, Reversade B (2013) ELABELA: a hormone essential for heart development signals via the apelin receptor. Dev Cell 27(6):672–680. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2013.11.002
Davidovich C, Zheng L, Goodrich KJ, Cech TR (2013) Promiscuous RNA binding by Polycomb repressive complex 2. Nat Struct Mol Biol 20(11):1250–1257
Davidovich C, Wang X, Cifuentes-Rojas C, Goodrich KJ, Gooding AR, Lee JT, Cech TR (2015) Toward a consensus on the binding specificity and promiscuity of PRC2 for RNA. Mol Cell 57(3):552–558. doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2014.12.017
Derrien T, Johnson R, Bussotti G, Tanzer A, Djebali S, Tilgner H, Guernec G, Martin D, Merkel A, Knowles DG, Lagarde J, Veeravalli L, Ruan X, Ruan Y, Lassmann T et al (2012) The GENCODE v7 catalog of human long noncoding RNAs: analysis of their gene structure, evolution, and expression. Genome Res 22(9):1775–1789
Dey BK, Pfeifer K, Dutta A (2014) The H19 long noncoding RNA gives rise to microRNAs miR-675-3p and miR-675-5p to promote skeletal muscle differentiation and regeneration. Genes Dev. doi:10.1101/gad.234419.113
Di Croce L, Helin K (2013) Transcriptional regulation by Polycomb group proteins. Nat Struct Mol Biol 20(10):1147–1155. doi:10.1038/nsmb.2669
Diederichs S (2014) The four dimensions of noncoding RNA conservation. Trends Genet. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2014.01.004
Djebali S, Davis CA, Merkel A, Dobin A, Lassmann T, Mortazavi A, Tanzer A, Lagarde J, Lin W, Schlesinger F, Xue C, Marinov GK, Khatun J, Williams BA, Zaleski C et al (2012) Landscape of transcription in human cells. Nature 489(7414):101–108. doi:10.1038/nature11233
ENCODE Project Consortium (2012) An integrated encyclopedia of DNA elements in the human genome. Nature 489(7414):57–74. doi:10.1038/nature11247
Forrest AR, Kawaji H, Rehli M, Baillie JK, de Hoon MJ, Haberle V, Lassmann T, Kulakovskiy IV, Lizio M, Itoh M, Andersson R, Mungall CJ, Meehan TF, Schmeier S, Bertin N et al (2014) A promoter-level mammalian expression atlas. Nature 507(7493):462–470. doi:10.1038/nature13182
Frank D, Kuhn C, Katus HA, Frey N (2006) The sarcomeric Z-disc: a nodal point in signalling and disease. J Mol Med (Berl) 84(6):446–468
Frey N, Katus HA, Olson EN, Hill JA (2004) Hypertrophy of the heart: a new therapeutic target? Circulation 109(13):1580–1589
Fu Y, Dominissini D, Rechavi G, He C (2014) Gene expression regulation mediated through reversible m(6)A RNA methylation. Nat Rev Genet 15(5):293–306. doi:10.1038/nrg3724
Go YY, Allen JC, Chia SY, Sim LL, Jaufeerally FR, Yap J, Ching CK, Sim D, Kwok B, Liew R (2014) Predictors of mortality in acute heart failure: interaction between diabetes and impaired left ventricular ejection fraction. Eur J Heart Fail 16(11):1183–1189. doi:10.1002/ejhf.119
Grote P, Herrmann BG (2013) The long non-coding RNA Fendrr links epigenetic control mechanisms to gene regulatory networks in mammalian embryogenesis. RNA Biol 10(10):1579–1585. doi:10.4161/rna.26165
Grote P, Wittler L, Hendrix D, Koch F, Wahrisch S, Beisaw A, Macura K, Blass G, Kellis M, Werber M, Herrmann BG (2013) The tissue-specific lncRNA Fendrr is an essential regulator of heart and body wall development in the mouse. Dev Cell 24(2):206–214. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2012.12.012
Guttman M, Amit I, Garber M, French C, Lin MF, Feldser D, Huarte M, Zuk O, Carey BW, Cassady JP, Cabili MN, Jaenisch R, Mikkelsen TS, Jacks T, Hacohen N, Bernstein BE, Kellis M, Regev A, Rinn JL, Lander ES (2009) Chromatin signature reveals over a thousand highly conserved large non-coding RNAs in mammals. Nature 458(7235):223–227. doi:10.1038/nature07672
Guttman M, Russell P, Ingolia NT, Weissman JS, Lander ES (2013) Ribosome profiling provides evidence that large noncoding RNAs do not encode proteins. Cell 154(1):240–251. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.06.009
Haddad F, Bodell PW, Qin AX, Giger JM, Baldwin KM (2003) Role of antisense RNA in coordinating cardiac myosin heavy chain gene switching. J Biol Chem 278(39):37132–37138. doi:10.1074/jbc.M305911200
Han P, Li W, Lin CH, Yang J, Shang C, Nuernberg ST, Jin KK, Xu W, Lin CY, Lin CJ, Xiong Y, Chien HC, Zhou B, Ashley E, Bernstein D, Chen PS, Chen HS, Quertermous T, Chang CP (2014) A long noncoding RNA protects the heart from pathological hypertrophy. Nature. doi:10.1038/nature13596
Hang CT, Yang J, Han P, Cheng HL, Shang C, Ashley E, Zhou B, Chang CP (2010) Chromatin regulation by Brg1 underlies heart muscle development and disease. Nature 466(7302):62–67. doi:10.1038/nature09130
Hezroni H, Koppstein D, Schwartz MG, Avrutin A, Bartel DP, Ulitsky I (2015) Principles of long noncoding RNA evolution derived from direct comparison of transcriptomes in 17 species. Cell Rep 11(7):1110–1122. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2015.04.023
Hill JA, Olson EN (2008) Cardiac plasticity. N Engl J Med 358(13):1370–1380
Ishii N, Ozaki K, Sato H, Mizuno H, Saito S, Takahashi A, Miyamoto Y, Ikegawa S, Kamatani N, Hori M, Saito S, Nakamura Y, Tanaka T (2006) Identification of a novel non-coding RNA, MIAT, that confers risk of myocardial infarction. J Hum Genet 51(12):1087–1099
Johnson AD, Hwang SJ, Voorman A, Morrison A, Peloso GM, Hsu YH, Thanassoulis G, Newton-Cheh C, Rogers IS, Hoffmann U, Freedman JE, Fox CS, Psaty BM, Boerwinkle E, Cupples LA, O’Donnell CJ (2013) Resequencing and clinical associations of the 9p21.3 region: a comprehensive investigation in the Framingham heart study. Circulation 127(7):799–810. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.111559
Kampa D, Cheng J, Kapranov P, Yamanaka M, Brubaker S, Cawley S, Drenkow J, Piccolboni A, Bekiranov S, Helt G, Tammana H, Gingeras TR (2004) Novel RNAs identified from an in-depth analysis of the transcriptome of human chromosomes 21 and 22. Genome Res 14(3):331–342. doi:10.1101/gr.2094104
Kapranov P, Cawley SE, Drenkow J, Bekiranov S, Strausberg RL, Fodor SP, Gingeras T (2002) Large-scale transcriptional activity in chromosomes 21 and 22. Science 296(5569):916–919
Kapranov P, Cheng J, Dike S, Nix DA, Duttagupta R, Willingham AT, Stadler PF, Hertel J, Hackermuller J, Hofacker IL, Bell I, Cheung E, Drenkow J, Dumais E, Patel S, Helt G, Ganesh M, Ghosh S, Piccolboni A, Sementchenko V, Tammana H, Gingeras TR (2007) RNA maps reveal new RNA classes and a possible function for pervasive transcription. Science 316(5830):1484–1488. doi:10.1126/science.1138341
Khalil AM, Guttman M, Huarte M, Garber M, Raj A, Rivea Morales D, Thomas K, Presser A, Bernstein BE, van Oudenaarden A, Regev A, Lander ES, Rinn JL (2009) Many human large intergenic noncoding RNAs associate with chromatin-modifying complexes and affect gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106(28):11667–11672. doi:10.1073/pnas.0904715106
Kim TK, Hemberg M, Gray JM, Costa AM, Bear DM, Wu J, Harmin DA, Laptewicz M, Barbara-Haley K, Kuersten S, Markenscoff-Papadimitriou E, Kuhl D, Bito H, Worley PF, Kreiman G, Greenberg ME (2010) Widespread transcription at neuronal activity-regulated enhancers. Nature 465(7295):182–187. doi:10.1038/nature09033
Klattenhoff CA, Scheuermann JC, Surface LE, Bradley RK, Fields PA, Steinhauser ML, Ding H, Butty VL, Torrey L, Haas S, Abo R, Tabebordbar M, Lee RT, Burge CB, Boyer LA (2013) Braveheart, a long noncoding RNA required for cardiovascular lineage commitment. Cell 152(3):570–583
Kumarswamy R, Bauters C, Volkmann I, Maury F, Fetisch J, Holzmann A, Lemesle G, Degroote P, Pinet F, Thum T (2014) The circulating long non-coding RNA LIPCAR predicts survival in heart failure patients. Circ Res. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.114.303915
Kundaje A, Meuleman W, Ernst J, Bilenky M, Yen A, Heravi-Moussavi A, Kheradpour P, Zhang Z, Wang J, Ziller MJ, Amin V, Whitaker JW, Schultz MD, Ward LD, Sarkar A et al (2015) Integrative analysis of 111 reference human epigenomes. Nature 518(7539):317–330. doi:10.1038/nature14248
Lander ES, Linton LM, Birren B, Nusbaum C, Zody MC, Baldwin J, Devon K, Dewar K, Doyle M, FitzHugh W, Funke R, Gage D, Harris K, Heaford A, Howland J et al (2001) Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome. Nature 409(6822):860–921. doi:10.1038/35057062
Lee JH, Gao C, Peng G, Greer C, Ren S, Wang Y, Xiao X (2011) Analysis of transcriptome complexity through RNA sequencing in normal and failing murine hearts. Circ Res 109(12):1332–1341
Li D, Chen G, Yang J, Fan X, Gong Y, Xu G, Cui Q, Geng B (2013) Transcriptome analysis reveals distinct patterns of long noncoding RNAs in heart and plasma of mice with heart failure. PLoS One 8(10), e77938. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0077938
Liu Y, Li G, Lu H, Li W, Li X, Liu H, Li X, Li T, Yu B (2014) Expression profiling and ontology analysis of long noncoding RNAs in post-ischemic heart and their implied roles in ischemia/reperfusion injury. Gene. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2014.04.016
Lyon RC, Zanella F, Omens JH, Sheikh F (2015) Mechanotransduction in cardiac hypertrophy and failure. Circ Res 116(8):1462–1476. doi:10.1161/circresaha.116.304937
Magny EG, Pueyo JI, Pearl FMG, Cespedes MA, Niven JE, Bishop SA, Couso JP (2013) Conserved regulation of cardiac calcium uptake by peptides encoded in small open reading frames. Science 341(6150): 1116–1120. doi: 10.1126/science.1238802
Marques AC, Hughes J, Graham B, Kowalczyk MS, Higgs DR, Ponting CP (2013) Chromatin signatures at transcriptional start sites separate two equally populated yet distinct classes of intergenic long noncoding RNAs. Genome Biol 14(11):R131. doi:10.1186/gb-2013-14-11-r131
Matkovich SJ, Edwards JR, Grossenheider TC, de Guzman Strong C, Dorn GW 2nd (2014) Epigenetic coordination of embryonic heart transcription by dynamically regulated long noncoding RNAs. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. doi:10.1073/pnas.1410622111
Maurano MT, Humbert R, Rynes E, Thurman RE, Haugen E, Wang H, Reynolds AP, Sandstrom R, Qu H, Brody J, Shafer A, Neri F, Lee K, Kutyavin T, Stehling-Sun S et al (2012) Systematic localization of common disease-associated variation in regulatory DNA. Science 337(6099):1190–1195. doi:10.1126/science.1222794
McMurray JJ, Adamopoulos S, Anker SD, Auricchio A, Bohm M, Dickstein K, Falk V, Filippatos G, Fonseca C, Gomez-Sanchez MA, Jaarsma T, Kober L, Lip GY, Maggioni AP, Parkhomenko A et al. (2012) ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012: The Task Force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012 of the European Society of Cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the Heart Failure Association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur J Heart Fail 14(8):803–869. doi:10.1093/eurjhf/hfs105
Meder B, Ruhle F, Weis T, Homuth G, Keller A, Franke J, Peil B, Lorenzo Bermejo J, Frese K, Huge A, Witten A, Vogel B, Haas J, Volker U, Ernst F et al (2014) A genome-wide association study identifies 6p21 as novel risk locus for dilated cardiomyopathy. Eur Heart J 35(16):1069–1077. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/eht251
Mikkelsen TS, Ku M, Jaffe DB, Issac B, Lieberman E, Giannoukos G, Alvarez P, Brockman W, Kim TK, Koche RP, Lee W, Mendenhall E, O’Donovan A, Presser A, Russ C, Xie X, Meissner A, Wernig M, Jaenisch R, Nusbaum C, Lander ES, Bernstein BE (2007) Genome-wide maps of chromatin state in pluripotent and lineage-committed cells. Nature 448(7153):553–560. doi:10.1038/nature06008
Miyata S, Minobe W, Bristow MR, Leinwand LA (2000) Myosin heavy chain isoform expression in the failing and nonfailing human heart. Circ Res 86(4):386–390. doi:10.1161/01.res.86.4.386
Mu XJ, Lu ZJ, Kong Y, Lam HY, Gerstein MB (2011) Analysis of genomic variation in non-coding elements using population-scale sequencing data from the 1000 Genomes Project. Nucleic Acids Res 39(16):7058–7076. doi:10.1093/nar/gkr342
Necsulea A, Soumillon M, Warnefors M, Liechti A, Daish T, Zeller U, Baker JC, Grützner F, Kaessmann H (2014) The evolution of lncRNA repertoires and expression patterns in tetrapods. Nature. doi:10.1038/nature12943
Olson EN (2014) MicroRNAs as therapeutic targets and biomarkers of cardiovascular disease. Sci Transl Med 6(239): 239ps233. doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3009008
Orom UA, Shiekhattar R (2013) Long noncoding RNAs usher in a new era in the biology of enhancers. Cell 154(6):1190–1193. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2013.08.028
Orom UA, Derrien T, Beringer M, Gumireddy K, Gardini A, Bussotti G, Lai F, Zytnicki M, Notredame C, Huang Q, Guigo R, Shiekhattar R (2010) Long noncoding RNAs with enhancer-like function in human cells. Cell 143(1):46–58
Ounzain S, Micheletti R, Beckmann T, Schroen B, Alexanian M, Pezzuto I, Crippa S, Nemir M, Sarre A, Johnson R, Dauvillier J, Burdet F, Ibberson M, Guigo R, Xenarios I, Heymans S, Pedrazzini T (2014a) Genome-wide profiling of the cardiac transcriptome after myocardial infarction identifies novel heart-specific long non-coding RNAs. Eur Heart J. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehu180
Ounzain S, Pezzuto I, Micheletti R, Burdet F, Sheta R, Nemir M, Gonzales C, Sarre A, Alexanian M, Blow MJ, May D, Johnson R, Dauvillier J, Pennacchio LA, Pedrazzini T (2014b) Functional importance of cardiac enhancer-associated noncoding RNAs in heart development and disease. J Mol Cell Cardiol 76C:55–70. doi:10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.08.009
Packer M, McMurray JJ, Desai AS, Gong J, Lefkowitz MP, Rizkala AR, Rouleau JL, Shi VC, Solomon SD, Swedberg K, Zile M, Andersen K, Arango JL, Arnold JM, Belohlavek J et al (2015) Angiotensin receptor neprilysin inhibition compared with enalapril on the risk of clinical progression in surviving patients with heart failure. Circulation 131(1):54–61. doi:10.1161/circulationaha.114.013748
Pasmant E, Sabbagh A, Vidaud M, Bieche I (2011) ANRIL, a long, noncoding RNA, is an unexpected major hotspot in GWAS. FASEB J 25(2):444–448. doi:10.1096/fj.10-172452
Ponjavic J, Ponting CP, Lunter G (2007) Functionality or transcriptional noise? Evidence for selection within long noncoding RNAs. Genome Res 17(5):556–565. doi:10.1101/gr.6036807
Ponting CP, Oliver PL, Reik W (2009) Evolution and functions of long noncoding RNAs. Cell 136(4):629–641. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2009.02.006
Rinn JL, Euskirchen G, Bertone P, Martone R, Luscombe NM, Hartman S, Harrison PM, Nelson FK, Miller P, Gerstein M, Weissman S, Snyder M (2003) The transcriptional activity of human Chromosome 22. Genes Dev 17(4):529–540. doi:10.1101/gad.1055203
Roberts R (2014) Genetics of coronary artery disease. Circ Res 114(12):1890–1903. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.114.302692
Salmena L, Poliseno L, Tay Y, Kats L, Pandolfi PP (2011) A ceRNA hypothesis: the Rosetta Stone of a hidden RNA language? Cell 146(3):353–358
Schuettengruber B, Martinez AM, Iovino N, Cavalli G (2011) Trithorax group proteins: switching genes on and keeping them active. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 12(12):799–814. doi:10.1038/nrm3230
St Laurent G, Wahlestedt C, Kapranov P (2015) The landscape of long noncoding RNA classification. Trends Genet 31(5):239–251. doi:10.1016/j.tig.2015.03.007
Tarnavski O (2009) Mouse surgical models in cardiovascular research. Methods Mol Biol 573:115–137. doi:10.1007/978-1-60761-247-6_7
Tay Y, Rinn J, Pandolfi PP (2014) The multilayered complexity of ceRNA crosstalk and competition. Nature 505(7483):344–352. doi:10.1038/nature12986
van Berlo JH, Maillet M, Molkentin JD (2013) Signaling effectors underlying pathologic growth and remodeling of the heart. J Clin Invest 123(1):37–45
Vausort M, Wagner DR, Devaux Y (2014) Long noncoding RNAs in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Circ Res 115(7):668–677. doi:10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.303836
Waddington CH (1942) The epigenotype. Endeavour 1942:18–20. reprinted in: Int J Epidemiol 2012;41:10–13:18–20. doi:10.1093/ije/dyr184
Wang QT (2012) Epigenetic regulation of cardiac development and function by polycomb group and trithorax group proteins. Dev Dyn 241(6):1021–1033. doi:10.1002/dvdy.23796
Wang KC, Chang HY (2011) Molecular mechanisms of long noncoding RNAs. Mol Cell 43(6):904–914
Wang K, Liu F, Zhou LY, Long B, Yuan SM, Wang Y, Liu CY, Sun T, Zhang XJ, Li PF (2014a) A long noncoding RNA, CHRF regulates cardiac hypertrophy by targeting miR-489. Circ Res. doi:10.1161/circresaha.114.302476
Wang K, Long B, Zhou LY, Liu F, Zhou QY, Liu CY, Fan YY, Li PF (2014b) CARL lncRNA inhibits anoxia-induced mitochondrial fission and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes by impairing miR-539-dependent PHB2 downregulation. Nat Commun 5:3596. doi:10.1038/ncomms4596
Wang K, Liu CY, Zhou LY, Wang JX, Wang M, Zhao B, Zhao WK, Xu SJ, Fan LH, Zhang XJ, Feng C, Wang CQ, Zhao YF, Li PF (2015) APF lncRNA regulates autophagy and myocardial infarction by targeting miR-188-3p. Nat Commun 6:6779. doi:10.1038/ncomms7779
Washietl S, Kellis M, Garber M (2014) Evolutionary dynamics and tissue specificity of human long noncoding RNAs in six mammals. Genome Res 24(4):616–628. doi:10.1101/gr.165035.113
Weichenhan D, Plass C (2013) The evolving epigenome. Hum Mol Genet 22(R1):R1–R6. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddt348
Willingham AT, Gingeras T (2006) TUF love for “junk” DNA. Cell 125(7):1215–1220
Wong CM, Hawkins NM, Petrie MC, Jhund PS, Gardner RS, Ariti CA, Poppe KK, Earle N, Whalley GA, Squire IB, Doughty RN, McMurray JJ, Investigators M (2014) Heart failure in younger patients: the Meta-analysis Global Group in Chronic Heart Failure (MAGGIC). Eur Heart J 35(39):2714–2721. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehu216
Wright MW (2014) A short guide to long non-coding RNA gene nomenclature. Hum Genomics 8:7. doi:10.1186/1479-7364-8-7
Yang KC, Yamada KA, Patel AY, Topkara VK, George I, Cheema FH, Ewald GA, Mann DL, Nerbonne JM (2014) Deep RNA sequencing reveals dynamic regulation of myocardial noncoding RNA in failing human heart and remodeling with mechanical circulatory support. Circulation. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.003863
Zangrando J, Zhang L, Vausort M, Maskali F, Marie PY, Wagner DR, Devaux Y (2014) Identification of candidate long non-coding RNAs in response to myocardial infarction. BMC Genomics 15:460. doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-460
Zhang K, Shi ZM, Chang YN, Hu ZM, Qi HX, Hong W (2014) The ways of action of long non-coding RNAs in cytoplasm and nucleus. Gene. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2014.06.043
Zhao J, Ohsumi TK, Kung JT, Ogawa Y, Grau DJ, Sarma K, Song JJ, Kingston RE, Borowsky M, Lee JT (2010) Genome-wide identification of polycomb-associated RNAs by RIP-seq. Mol Cell 40(6):939–953
Zhu JG, Shen YH, Liu HL, Liu M, Shen YQ, Kong XQ, Song GX, Qian LM (2013) Long noncoding RNAs expression profile of the developing mouse heart. J Cell Biochem. doi:10.1002/jcb.24733
Conflict of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kühl, C., Frey, N. (2016). Long Noncoding RNAs in Heart Disease. In: Backs, J., McKinsey, T.A. (eds) Epigenetics in Cardiac Disease. Cardiac and Vascular Biology, vol 1. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41457-7_13
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41457-7_13
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-41455-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-41457-7
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)