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Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nerve Regeneration Current Research and Future Possibilities

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Rehabilitative Surgery

Abstract

Our nervous system is remarkably elegant but also exceedingly complex. These complexities create monumental hurdles to regeneration. The current state of the art in spinal cord and peripheral nerve regeneration are explored. Future possibilities are laid out – aiming ultimately not just to restore function but almost certainly to even enhance it.

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Abbreviations

Akt:

Oncogene of transforming retrovirus AKT8 (also Akt1 and PKB)

ATF-2:

Activating transcription factor 2

ATF-3:

Activating transcription factor 3

BBI:

Brain-to-brain interface

BDNF:

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor

chABC:

Chondroitinase ABC

cAMP:

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate

Caspr:

Contactin-associated protein

CE:

Conformité Européenne

CNS:

Central nervous system

CSPG:

Chondroitin-6-sulfate proteoglycan

DREADDS:

Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs

DRG:

Dorsal root ganglia

EMG:

Electromyography

FDA:

Food and Drug Administration

FLAMES:

Floating light-activated microelectrical stimulators

GFAP:

Glial fibrillary acidic protein

GHBP:

Glial hyaluronate-binding protein

HSPG:

Heparin sulfate proteoglycan

IGF-1:

Insulin-like growth factor-1

IL-1:

Interleukin-1

IN-1:

IgM antibody that inhibits axonal growth

KSPG:

Keratin sulfate proteoglycan (KSPG)

MAG:

Myelin-associated glycoprotein

mTOR:

Mammalian target of rapamycin

NED:

Neural Enhancement Divide

NEP1-40:

Peptide 1–40 of Nogo that inhibits NgR

NG2:

Neural/glial antigen 2 (includes CSPG4)

NGC:

Nerve guidance conduit

NgR:

Nogo receptor

NgR1:

Nogo receptor 1

NgR3:

Nogo receptor 3

NMES:

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation

Nogo:

Neuronal growth inhibitory molecule in myelin

Nogo-A:

The A version of Nogo

Nogo-A/Nogo-B:

Nogo-A and Nogo-B genes

NS2.0:

Nervous System 2.0

NTR:

Neurotrophin receptor (p75 receptor)

OmgP:

Oligodendroglial myelin glycoprotein

p75:

75 KD protein

PC12:

Pheochromocytoma 12

PDGF:

Platelet-derived growth factor

PDK1/2:

Phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase 1 and 2

PI3K:

Phosphoinositol 3 kinase

PIP2:

Phosphoinositol phosphate 2

PIP3:

Phosphoinositol phosphate 3

PKA:

Phosphokinase A

PKB:

Phosphokinase B (also Akt) a serine/threonine protein kinase

PNS:

Peripheral nervous system

PTEN:

Phosphatase tensin homologue

Rheb1:

Ras homologue enriched in brain 1

RhoA:

Rho A

RhoK:

Rho kinase

RPTPsigma:

Receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase sigma

SCI:

Spinal cord injury

STAT3:

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3

TSC1/2:

Tuberous sclerosis 1 and 2

UCSD:

University of California San Diego

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA

    Wise Young MD, PhD & Hilton M. Kaplan MBBCh, FCSSA, PhD

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  1. Wise Young MD, PhD
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  2. Hilton M. Kaplan MBBCh, FCSSA, PhD
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  1. Institute for Advanced Reconstruction, The Plastic Surgery Center, Shrewsbury, New Jersey, USA

    Andrew I. Elkwood

  2. Institute for Advanced Reconstruction, The Plastic Surgery Center, Shrewsbury, New Jersey, USA

    Matthew Kaufman

  3. Institute for Advanced Reconstruction, The Plastic Surgery Center, Shrewsbury, New Jersey, USA

    Lisa F. Schneider

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Young, W., Kaplan, H.M. (2017). Spinal Cord and Peripheral Nerve Regeneration Current Research and Future Possibilities. In: Elkwood, A., Kaufman, M., Schneider, L. (eds) Rehabilitative Surgery. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41406-5_27

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