Skip to main content

The Puzzle of Extreme Media and Political Tolerance: An Immigration Case Study

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Extreme Media and American Politics

Abstract

Using immigration content as a case study, Taylor explores the way extreme media framing and affect impact political tolerance for groups associated with S.B. 1070. Until now, there is no research looking into extreme media and political tolerance. Taylor finds that all media treatments decrease political tolerance, but—when interacted with affective engagement—liberal extreme media are able to increase political tolerance for pro-immigration groups and actors. The negative results for conservative extreme media and mainstream also dissipate when interacted with affective engagement—but are not significant—which highlights the importance of media activated emotion on political tolerance. These results show political tolerance is affected by extreme media, but significant changes in tolerance occur when the host’s framing and emotional engagement align for ideological congruity.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Bibliography

  • Altemeyer, Robert. 1996. The Authoritarian Specter. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • An, Seon-Kyoung, and Karla K. Gower. 2009. How Do the News Media Frame Crises? A Content Analysis of Crisis News Coverage. Public Relations Review 35(2): 107–112. doi:10.1016/j.pubrev.2009.01.010.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ansolabehere, Stephen, Roy L. Behr, and Shanto Iyengar. 1993. The Media Game: American Politics in the Television Age. New York, NY: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Arceneaux, Kevin, and Martin Johnson. 2013. Changing Minds or Changing Channels?: Partisan News in an Age of Choice. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Baum, Matthew A. 2003a. Soft News and Political Knowledge: Evidence of Absence or Absence of Evidence? Political Communication 20: 173–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2003b. Soft News Goes to War: Public Opinion and American Foreign Policy in the New Media Age. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Berry, Jeffrey M., and Sarah Sobieraj. 2013. The Outrage Industry: Political Opinion Media and the New Incivility. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bobo, Lawrence, and Frederick C. Licari. 1989. Education and Political Tolerance: Testing the Effects of Cognitive Sophistication and Target Group Affect. Public Opinion Quarterly 53(3): 285–308.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dalton, Russell J. 2015. The Good Citizen: How a Younger Generation Is Reshaping American Politics. Washington, DC: CQ Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dilliplane, Susanna. 2011. All the News You Want to Hear: The Impact of Partisan News Exposure on Political Participation. Public Opinion Quarterly 75: 287–316.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Druckman, James N. 2011. What’s It All about?: Framing in Political Science. In Perspectives on Framing, ed. Gideon Keren, 279–302. New York: Psychology Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Egan, Patrick J. 2013. Partisan Priorities: How Issue Ownership Drives and Distorts American Politics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Entman, Robert M. 2004. Projections of Power: Framing News, Public Opinion, and U.S. Foreign Policy. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, Stanley, and Karen Stenner. 1997. Perceived Threat and Authoritarianism. Political Psychology 4(18): 741–770.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Forgette, Richard, and Jonathan S. Morris. 2006. High-Conflict Television News and Public Opinion. Political Research Quarterly 59: 447–456.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gamson, William A., and Andre Modigliani. 1987. The Changing Culture of Affirmative Action. In Equal Employment Opportunity: Labor Market Discrimination and Public Policy, ed. Paul Burstein. New York, NY: Transaction Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, James L. 1992. The Political Consequences of Intolerance: Cultural Conformity and Political Freedom. The American Political Science Review 86(2): 338–356.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2007. Political Intolerance. In Oxford Handbook of Political Behavior, ed. Russell J. Dalton and Hans-Dieter Klingemann, 323–341. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2013. Measuring Political Tolerance and General Support for Pro-Civil Liberties Policies Notes, Evidence, and Cautions. Public Opinion Quarterly 77(S1): 45–68. doi:10.1093/poq/nfs073.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gross, Kimberly. 2008. Framing Persuasive Appeals: Episodic and Thematic Framing, Emotional Response, and Policy Opinion. Political Psychology 29(2): 169–192. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2008.00622.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Halperin, Eran. 2015. Emotions in Conflict: Inhibitors and Facilitators of Peace Making. New York, NY: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hetherington, Marc J., and Jonathan D. Weiler. 2009. Authoritarianism and Polarization in America. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Hiskey, Jonathan, Mason Moseley, and Mariana Rodríguez. 2013. Democracy Progress Report: Political Tolerance in the Americas, 2006–2012. AmericasBarometer Insights: 2013. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University. http://www.vanderbilt.edu/lapop/insights/IO900en.pdf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huckfeldt, Robert, Paul E. Johnson, and John Sprague. 2004. Political Disagreement: The Survival of Diverse Opinions within Communication Networks. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Iyengar, Shanto. 1994. Is Anyone Responsible?: How Television Frames Political Issues. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iyengar, Shanto, and Donald R. Kinder. 1987. News That Matters: Television and American Opinion, Updated Edition. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iyengar, Shanto, and Kyu S. Hahn. 2009. Red Media, Blue Media: Evidence of Ideological Selectivity in Media Use. Journal of Communication 59(1): 19–39.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iyengar, Shanto, and Adam Simon. 1993. News Coverage of the Gulf Crisis and Public Opinion A Study of Agenda-Setting, Priming, and Framing. Communication Research 20(3): 365–383. doi:10.1177/009365093020003002.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jamieson, K.H., and Joseph N. Cappella. 2010. Echo Chamber: Rush Limbaugh and the Conservative Media Establishment. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lazarsfeld, Paul F., Bernard Berelson, and Hazel Gaudet. 1948. The People’s Choice: How the Voter Makes Up His Mind in a Presidential Campaign. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Levendusky, Matthew. 2013a. How Partisan Media Polarize America. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Levendusky, Matthew S. 2013b. Why Do Partisan Media Polarize Viewers? American Journal of Political Science 57(July): 611–623. doi:10.1111/ajps.12008.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lipset, Seymour Martin. 1960. Political Man: The Social Basis of Politics. New York, NY: Doubleday.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marcus, George E., W. Russell Neuman, and Michael MacKuen. 2000. Affective Intelligence and Political Judgment. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marcus, George E., John L. Sullivan, Elizabeth Theiss-Morse, and Daniel Stevens. 2005. The Emotional Foundation of Political Cognition: The Impact of Extrinsic Anxiety on the Formation of Political Tolerance Judgments. Political Psychology 26(December): 949–963. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9221.2005.00452.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McClosky, Herbert. 1964. Consensus and Ideology in American Politics. The American Political Science Review 58(2): 361–382.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCombs, Maxwell E., and Donald L. Shaw. 1972. The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass Media. Public Opinion Quarterly 36(2): 176–187.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mutz, Diana C. 2006. Hearing the Other Side: Deliberative Versus Participatory Democracy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Mutz, Diana C., and Paul S. Martin. 2001. Facilitating Communication across Lines of Political Difference: The Role of the Mass Media. American Political Science Review 95(1): 97–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mutz, Diana C., and Jeffery J. Mondak. 2006. The Workplace as a Context for Cross-Cutting Political Discourse. The Journal of Politics 68(1): 140–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nelson, Thomas E., Rosalee A. Clawson, and Zoe M. Oxley. 1997. Media Framing of a Civil Liberties Conflict and Its Effect on Tolerance. American Political Science Review 91(3): 567–583.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nie, Norman H., Jane Junn, and Kenneth Stehlik-Barry. 1996. Education and Democratic Citizenship in America. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paluck, Elizabeth Levy. 2010. Is It Better Not to Talk? Group Polarization, Extended Contact, and Perspective Taking in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, August. doi:10.1177/0146167210379868.

    Google Scholar 

  • Prothro, James W., and Charles M. Grigg. 1963. Fundamental Principles of Democracy: Bases of Agreement and Disagreement. Journal of Politics 22: 276–294.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Putnam, Robert D. 2001. Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon and Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schudson, Michael. 2001. The Objectivity Norm in American Journalism. Journalism 2(2): 149–170.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, Amy Erica. 2016. Do Americans Still Believe in Democracy? The Washington Post, April 9. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2016/04/09/do-americans-still-believe-in-democracy/.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stenner, Karen. 2005. The Authoritarian Dynamic. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Stouffer, Samuel. 1955. Communism, Conformity and Civil Liberties. New York: Doubleday.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stroud, Natalie Jomini. 2008. Media Use and Political Predispositions: Revisiting the Concept of Selective Exposure. Political Behavior 30: 341–366.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2010. Polarization and Partisan Selective Exposure. Journal of Communication 60(3): 556–576.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, John L., and John E. Transue. 1999. The Psychological Underpinnings of Democracy: A Select Review of the Research on Political Tolerance, Interpersonal Trust, and Social Capital. Annual Review of Psychology 50: 625–650.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, John L., George E. Marcus, Stanley Feldman, and James Piereson. 1981. The Sources of Political Tolerance: A Multivariate Analysis. The American Political Science Review 75(1): 92–106.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, John L., James Piereson, and George E. Marcus. 1993. Political Tolerance and American Democracy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaller, John. 1992. The Nature and Origins of Mass Opinion. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Appendix

Appendix

See Tables 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7.

Table 5.3 OLS regression for treatment and negative affect effects on tolerance toward anti-immigration protestors
Table 5.4 OLS regression for treatment and negative affect effects on tolerance toward pro-immigration protestors
Table 5.5 OLS regression for treatment and negative affect effects on tolerance toward undocumented immigrants
Table 5.6 OLS regression for treatment and negative affect effects on tolerance conservative AZ lawmakers
Table 5.7 OLS regression for treatment and negative affect effects on tolerance toward UA21

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Taylor, J.B. (2017). The Puzzle of Extreme Media and Political Tolerance: An Immigration Case Study. In: Extreme Media and American Politics. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41183-5_5

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics