Abstract
The Asian ethnic subgroups that migrated to the USA are experiencing an increase in colorectal cancer (CRC) rates. This is in contrast to the decline in invasive CRC incidence reported for non-Hispanic whites in the USA, which has been widely attributed to an increase in screening rates. Studies have shown that at least some of the Asian ethnic subgroups are less likely to undergo screening. A number of lifestyle-related factors have been associated with CRC. Indeed, the evidence for a causal link between certain types of dietary factors (e.g., dietary fiber, folate, calcium, vitamin D, red meat, processed meats), alcohol, medications, obesity and physical inactivity and CRC is stronger than for any other common types of cancer. However, it has been suggested that differences in the distribution of known/suspected lifestyle risk factors account for only a portion of the excess risk in Asian Americans for CRC and that other factors, possibly including genetic susceptibility (in particular, gene–environment interactions), are important contributors to the observed disparities in incidence. Based on the available evidence, it is unlikely that risk factors for CRC in Asians differ markedly from those in non-Hispanic whites and other ethnic/racial groups. Further research is warranted to better understand the relationship between genetic and environmental factors that increase the CRC risk of Asians when they migrate to the USA. Most importantly, utilization of screening services should be further promoted to reduce the incidence of this disease in Asian Americans.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Le Marchand L (1999) Combined influence of genetic and dietary factors on colorectal cancer incidence in Japanese Americans. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr:101–105
Forman D, Bray F, Brewster DH et al (2014) Cancer incidence in five continents, vol 10. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon
Parkin DM, Muri CS, Whelan SL et al (1992) Cancer incidence in five continents, vol 6. International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon
Gomez SL, Noone AM, Lichtensztajn DY et al (2013) Cancer incidence trends among Asian American populations in the United States, 1990–2008. J Natl Cancer Inst 105:1096–1110
Giddings BH, Kwong SL, Parikh-Patel A et al (2012) Going against the tide: increasing incidence of colorectal cancer among Koreans, Filipinos, and South Asians in California, 1988–2007. Cancer Causes Control 23:691–702
Miller BA, Chu KC, Hankey BF et al (2008) Cancer incidence and mortality patterns among specific Asian and Pacific Islander populations in the U.S. Cancer Causes Control 19:227–256
Kwong SL, Chen MS Jr, Snipes KP et al (2005) Asian subgroups and cancer incidence and mortality rates in California. Cancer 104:2975–2981
Mccracken M, Olsen M, Chen MS Jr et al (2007) Cancer incidence, mortality, and associated risk factors among Asian Americans of Chinese, Filipino, Vietnamese, Korean, and Japanese ethnicities. CA Cancer J Clin 57:190–205
Aizer AA, Wilhite TJ, Chen MH et al (2014) Lack of reduction in racial disparities in cancer-specific mortality over a 20-year period. Cancer 120:1532–1539
Trinh QD, Nguyen PL, Leow JJ et al (2015) Cancer-specific mortality of Asian Americans diagnosed with cancer: a nationwide population-based assessment. J Natl Cancer Inst 107(6):djv054
Sakamoto K, Machi J, Prygrocki M et al (2006) Comparison of characteristics and survival of colorectal cancer between Japanese-Americans in Hawaii and native Japanese in Japan. Dis Colon Rectum 49:50–57
The Massachusetts Cancer Registry (2005) Data report on colorectal cancer in Massachusetts. Harvard Center for Cancer Prevention, Massachusetts Department of Public Health, Boston, MA
Wu X, Chen VW, Martin J et al (2004) Subsite-specific colorectal cancer incidence rates and stage distributions among Asians and Pacific Islanders in the United States, 1995 to 1999. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 13:1215–1222
Qing SH, Rao KY, Jiang HY et al (2003) Racial differences in the anatomical distribution of colorectal cancer: a study of differences between American and Chinese patients. World J Gastroenterol 9:721–725
Kolonel LN, Wilkens LR (2006) Migrant studies. In: Schottenfeld D, Fraumeni JF (eds) Cancer epidemiology and prevention, 3rd edn. Oxford University Press, New York
Parkin DM, Khlat M (1996) Studies of cancer in migrants: rationale and methodology. Eur J Cancer 32A:761–771
Kolonel LN, Hinds MW, Hankin JH (1980) Cancer patterns among migrant and native-born Japanese in Hawaii in relation to smoking, drinking and dietary habits. In: Gelboin HV, Macmahon B, Matsushima T et al (eds) Genetics and environmental factors in experimental and human cancer. Japan Scientific Societies Press, Tokyo
King H, Locke FB (1980) Cancer mortality among Chinese in the United States. J Natl Cancer Inst 65:1141–1148
Thomas DB, Karagas MR (1987) Cancer in first and second generation Americans. Cancer Res 47:5771–5776
Flood DM, Weiss NS, Cook LS et al (2000) Colorectal cancer incidence in Asian migrants to the United States and their descendants. Cancer Causes Control 11:403–411
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2015) Percentage of adults who receive colorectal cancer screening as appropriate. https://healthmeasures.aspe.hhs.gov/measure/25. Accessed 15 Jun 2015
Liss DT, Baker DW (2014) Understanding current racial/ethnic disparities in colorectal cancer screening in the United States: the contribution of socioeconomic status and access to care. Am J Prev Med 46:228–236
Lee HY, Lundquist M, Ju E et al (2011) Colorectal cancer screening disparities in Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders: which groups are most vulnerable? Ethn Health 16:501–518
Thompson CA, Gomez SL, Chan A et al (2014) Patient and provider characteristics associated with colorectal, breast, and cervical cancer screening among Asian Americans. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 23:2208–2217
Wong ST, Gildengorin G, Nguyen T et al (2005) Disparities in colorectal cancer screening rates among Asian Americans and non-Latino Whites. Cancer 104:2940–2947
Honda K (2004) Factors associated with colorectal cancer screening among the US urban Japanese population. Am J Public Health 94:815–822
Kimura A, Sin MK, Spigner C et al (2014) Barriers and facilitators to colorectal cancer screening in Vietnamese Americans: a qualitative analysis. J Cancer Educ 29:728–734
Lee S, Chen L, Jung MY et al (2014) Acculturation and cancer screening among Asian Americans: role of health insurance and having a regular physician. J Community Health 39:201–212
Ma GX, Wang MQ, Toubbeh J et al (2012) Factors associated with colorectal cancer screening among Cambodians, Vietnamese, Koreans and Chinese living in the United States. N Am J Med Sci (Boston) 5:1–8
Maxwell AE, Danao LL, Crespi CM et al (2008) Disparities in the receipt of fecal occult blood test versus endoscopy among Filipino American immigrants. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 17:1963–1967
Menon U, Szalacha L, Prabhughate A et al (2014) Correlates of colorectal cancer screening among South Asian immigrants in the United States. Cancer Nurs 37:E19–E27
Oh KM, Jacobsen KH (2014) Colorectal cancer screening among Korean Americans: a systematic review. J Community Health 39:193–200
Ryu SY, Crespi CM, Maxwell AE (2014) Colorectal cancer among Koreans living in South Korea versus California: incidence, mortality, and screening rates. Ethn Health 19:406–423
Sentell TL, Tsoh JY, Davis T et al (2015) Low health literacy and cancer screening among Chinese Americans in California: a cross-sectional analysis. BMJ Open 5:e006104
Sun WY, Basch CE, Wolf RL et al (2004) Factors associated with colorectal cancer screening among Chinese-Americans. Prev Med 39:323–329
Carney PA, Lee-Lin F, Mongoue-Tchokote S et al (2014) Improving colorectal cancer screening in Asian Americans: results of a randomized intervention study. Cancer 120:1702–1712
Crawford J, Ahmad F, Beaton D et al (2016) Cancer screening behaviours among South Asian immigrants in the UK, US and Canada: a scoping study. Health Soc Care Community 24(2):123–153
Lee HY, Tran M, Jin SW et al (2014) Motivating underserved Vietnamese Americans to obtain colorectal cancer screening: evaluation of a culturally tailored DVD intervention. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 15:1791–1796
Nguyen BH, Mcphee SJ, Stewart SL et al (2010) Effectiveness of a controlled trial to promote colorectal cancer screening in Vietnamese Americans. Am J Public Health 100:870–876
Nguyen-Truong CK, Lee-Lin F, Gedaly-Duff V (2013) Contributing factors to colorectal cancer and hepatitis B screening among Vietnamese Americans. Oncol Nurs Forum 40:238–251
Wang J, Burke A, Tsoh JY et al (2014) Engaging traditional medicine providers in colorectal cancer screening education in a Chinese American community: a pilot study. Prev Chronic Dis 11, E217
Wu TY, Kao JY, Hsieh HF et al (2010) Effective colorectal cancer education for Asian Americans: a Michigan program. J Cancer Educ 25:146–152
World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research (2011) Continuous Update Project Report. Food, nutrition, physical activity, and the prevention of colorectal cancer. World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research
Moghaddam AA, Woodward M, Huxley R (2007) Obesity and risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis of 31 studies with 70,000 events. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 16:2533–2547
Deurenberg P, Deurenberg-Yap M, Guricci S (2002) Asians are different from Caucasians and from each other in their body mass index/body fat per cent relationship. Obes Rev 3:141–146
Goh LY, Goh KL (2013) Obesity: an epidemiological perspective from Asia and its relationship to gastrointestinal and liver cancers. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 28(Suppl 4):54–58
He Q, Horlick M, Thornton J et al (2002) Sex and race differences in fat distribution among Asian, African–American, and Caucasian prepubertal children. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:2164–2170
Lim U, Ernst T, Buchthal SD et al (2011) Asian women have greater abdominal and visceral adiposity than Caucasian women with similar body mass index. Nutr Diabetes 1:e6
Park YW, Allison DB, Heymsfield SB et al (2001) Larger amounts of visceral adipose tissue in Asian Americans. Obes Res 9:381–387
Chyou PH, Nomura AM, Stemmermann GN (1996) A prospective study of colon and rectal cancer among Hawaii Japanese men. Ann Epidemiol 6:276–282
Li H, Yang G, Xiang YB et al (2012) Body weight, fat distribution and colorectal cancer risk: a report from cohort studies of 134255 Chinese men and women. Int J Obes (Lond) 37(6):783–789
Jee SH, Yun JE, Park EJ et al (2008) Body mass index and cancer risk in Korean men and women. Int J Cancer 123:1892–1896
Song YM, Sung J, Ha M (2008) Obesity and risk of cancer in postmenopausal Korean women. J Clin Oncol 26:3395–3402
Matsuo K, Mizoue T, Tanaka K et al (2012) Association between body mass index and the colorectal cancer risk in Japan: pooled analysis of population-based cohort studies in Japan. Ann Oncol 23:479–490
Odegaard AO, Koh WP, Yu MC et al (2011) Body mass index and risk of colorectal cancer in Chinese Singaporeans: the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Cancer 117:3841–3849
Giovannucci E, Harlan DM, Archer MC et al (2010) Diabetes and cancer: a consensus report. Diabetes Care 33:1674–1685
Tsilidis KK, Allen NE, Appleby PN et al (2015) Diabetes mellitus and risk of prostate cancer in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition. Int J Cancer 136:372–381
Kolonel LN, Henderson BE, Hankin JH et al (2000) A multiethnic cohort in Hawaii and Los Angeles: baseline characteristics. Am J Epidemiol 151:346–357
He J, Stram DO, Kolonel LN et al (2010) The association of diabetes with colorectal cancer risk: the multiethnic cohort. Br J Cancer 103:120–126
Maskarinec G, Jacobs S, Morimoto Y et al (2015) Disparity in diabetes risk across native Hawaiians and different Asian groups: the multiethnic cohort. Asia Pac J Public Health 27:375–384
Jee SH, Ohrr H, Sull JW et al (2005) Fasting serum glucose level and cancer risk in Korean men and women. JAMA 293:194–202
International Agency for Research on Cancer (2012) Personal habits and indoor combustions. Volume 100 E. A review of human carcinogens. IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum 100:1–538
Cheng J, Chen Y, Wang X et al (2015) Meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies of cigarette smoking and the incidence of colon and rectal cancers. Eur J Cancer Prev 24:6–15
Tsoi KK, Pau CY, Wu WK et al (2009) Cigarette smoking and the risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 7(682–688):e681–e685
Botteri E, Iodice S, Bagnardi V et al (2008) Smoking and colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis. JAMA 300:2765–2778
Walter V, Jansen L, Hoffmeister M et al (2014) Smoking and survival of colorectal cancer patients: systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Oncol 25:1517–1525
Phipps AI, Baron J, Newcomb PA (2011) Prediagnostic smoking history, alcohol consumption, and colorectal cancer survival: the Seattle Colon Cancer Family Registry. Cancer 117:4948–4957
Luchtenborg M, White KK, Wilkens L et al (2007) Smoking and colorectal cancer: different effects by type of cigarettes? Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 16:1341–1347
Nomura AM, Hankin JH, Henderson BE et al (2007) Dietary fiber and colorectal cancer risk: the multiethnic cohort study. Cancer Causes Control 18:753–764
Park SY, Wilkens LR, Kolonel LN, Henderson BE, Le Marchand L (2016) Inverse associations of dietary fiber and menopausal hormone therapy with colorectal cancer risk in the Multiethnic Cohort Study. Int J Cancer 139(6):1241–1250
Borugian MJ, Sheps SB, Whittemore AS et al (2002) Carbohydrates and colorectal cancer risk among Chinese in North America. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 11:187–193
Howarth NC, Murphy SP, Wilkens LR et al (2008) The association of glycemic load and carbohydrate intake with colorectal cancer risk in the multiethnic cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr 88:1074–1082
Aune D, Chan DS, Lau R et al (2012) Carbohydrates, glycemic index, glycemic load, and colorectal cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. Cancer Causes Control 23:521–535
Nomura AM, Wilkens LR, Murphy SP et al (2008) Association of vegetable, fruit, and grain intakes with colorectal cancer: the multiethnic cohort study. Am J Clin Nutr 88:730–737
Vogtmann E, Xiang YB, Li HL et al (2013) Fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of colorectal cancer: results from the Shanghai Men’s Health Study. Cancer Causes Control 24:1935–1945
Seow A, Yuan JM, Sun CL et al (2002) Dietary isothiocyanates, glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms and colorectal cancer risk in the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Carcinogenesis 23:2055–2061
Butler LM, Wang R, Koh WP et al (2008) Prospective study of dietary patterns and colorectal cancer among Singapore Chinese. Br J Cancer 99:1511–1516
Ollberding NJ, Wilkens LR, Henderson BE et al (2012) Meat consumption, heterocyclic amines and colorectal cancer risk: the multiethnic cohort study. Int J Cancer 131:E1125–E1133
Murff HJ, Shu XO, Li H et al (2009) A prospective study of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and colorectal cancer risk in Chinese women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 18:2283–2291
Lee SA, Shu XO, Yang G et al (2009) Animal origin foods and colorectal cancer risk: a report from the Shanghai Women’s Health Study. Nutr Cancer 61:194–205
Whittemore AS, Wu-Williams AH, Lee M et al (1990) Diet, physical activity, and colorectal cancer among Chinese in North America and China. J Natl Cancer Inst 82:915–926
Pham NM, Mizoue T, Tanaka K et al (2014) Meat consumption and colorectal cancer risk: an evaluation based on a systematic review of epidemiologic evidence among the Japanese population. Jpn J Clin Oncol 44:641–650
Pham NM, Mizoue T, Tanaka K et al (2013) Fish consumption and colorectal cancer risk: an evaluation based on a systematic review of epidemiologic evidence among the Japanese population. Jpn J Clin Oncol 43:935–941
Liu L, Zhuang W, Wang RQ et al (2011) Is dietary fat associated with the risk of colorectal cancer? A meta-analysis of 13 prospective cohort studies. Eur J Nutr 50:173–184
Stemmermann GN, Nomura AM, Heilbrun LK (1984) Dietary fat and the risk of colorectal cancer. Cancer Res 44:4633–4637
Tsushima M, Nomura AM, Lee J et al (2005) Prospective study of the association of serum triglyceride and glucose with colorectal cancer. Dig Dis Sci 50:499–505
Nomura AM, Stemmermann GN, Chyou PH (1991) Prospective study of serum cholesterol levels and large-bowel cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 83:1403–1407
Yao X, Tian Z (2015) Dyslipidemia and colorectal cancer risk: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Cancer Causes Control 26:257–268
Park SY, Murphy SP, Wilkens LR et al (2007) Calcium and vitamin D intake and risk of colorectal cancer: the multiethnic cohort study. Am J Epidemiol 165:784–793
Stemmermann GN, Nomura A, Chyou PH (1990) The influence of dairy and nondairy calcium on subsite large-bowel cancer risk. Dis Colon Rectum 33:190–194
Woolcott CG, Wilkens LR, Nomura AM et al (2010) Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and the risk of colorectal cancer: the multiethnic cohort study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 19:130–134
Le Marchand L, White KK, Nomura AM et al (2009) Plasma levels of B vitamins and colorectal cancer risk: the multiethnic cohort study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 18:2195–2201
Takata Y, Shrubsole MJ, Li H et al (2014) Plasma folate concentrations and colorectal cancer risk: a case–control study nested within the Shanghai Men’s Health Study. Int J Cancer 135:2191–2198
Shrubsole MJ, Yang G, Gao YT et al (2009) Dietary B vitamin and methionine intakes and plasma folate are not associated with colorectal cancer risk in Chinese women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 18:1003–1006
Li Y, Yang H, Cao J (2011) Association between alcohol consumption and cancers in the Chinese population—a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 6:e18776
Fedirko V, Tramacere I, Bagnardi V et al (2011) Alcohol drinking and colorectal cancer risk: an overall and dose–response meta-analysis of published studies. Ann Oncol 22:1958–1972
Yang G, Zheng W, Xiang YB et al (2011) Green tea consumption and colorectal cancer risk: a report from the Shanghai Men’s Health Study. Carcinogenesis 32:1684–1688
Yang G, Shu XO, Li H et al (2007) Prospective cohort study of green tea consumption and colorectal cancer risk in women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 16:1219–1223
Sun CL, Yuan JM, Koh WP et al (2007) Green tea and black tea consumption in relation to colorectal cancer risk: the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Carcinogenesis 28:2143–2148
Peterson S, Yuan JM, Koh WP et al (2010) Coffee intake and risk of colorectal cancer among Chinese in Singapore: the Singapore Chinese Health Study. Nutr Cancer 62:21–29
Severson RK, Nomura AM, Grove JS et al (1989) A prospective analysis of physical activity and cancer. Am J Epidemiol 130:522–529
Lee KJ, Inoue M, Otani T et al (2007) Physical activity and risk of colorectal cancer in Japanese men and women: the Japan Public Health Center-based prospective study. Cancer Causes Control 18:199–209
Takahashi H, Kuriyama S, Tsubono Y et al (2007) Time spent walking and risk of colorectal cancer in Japan: the Miyagi Cohort study. Eur J Cancer Prev 16:403–408
Ollberding NJ, Nomura AM, Wilkens LR et al (2011) Racial/ethnic differences in colorectal cancer risk: the multiethnic cohort study. Int J Cancer 129:1899–1906
Rothwell PM, Wilson M, Elwin CE et al (2010) Long-term effect of aspirin on colorectal cancer incidence and mortality: 20-year follow-up of five randomised trials. Lancet 376:1741–1750
Ranger GS (2014) Current concepts in colorectal cancer prevention with cyclooxygenase inhibitors. Anticancer Res 34:6277–6282
Stolfi C, De Simone V, Pallone F et al (2013) Mechanisms of action of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and mesalazine in the chemoprevention of colorectal cancer. Int J Mol Sci 14:17972–17985
Ye X, Fu J, Yang Y et al (2013) Dose-risk and duration-risk relationships between aspirin and colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis of published cohort studies. PLoS One 8:e57578
Flossmann E, Rothwell PM (2007) Effect of aspirin on long-term risk of colorectal cancer: consistent evidence from randomised and observational studies. Lancet 369:1603–1613
Goh CH, Leong WQ, Chew MH et al (2014) Post-operative aspirin use and colorectal cancer-specific survival in patients with stage I–III colorectal cancer. Anticancer Res 34:7407–7414
Foster PA (2013) Oestrogen and colorectal cancer: mechanisms and controversies. Int J Colorectal Dis 28:737–749
Barnes EL, Long MD (2012) Colorectal cancer in women: hormone replacement therapy and chemoprevention. Climacteric 15:250–255
De La Chapelle A (2004) Genetic predisposition to colorectal cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 4:769–780
Tomlinson I (2012) Colorectal cancer genetics: from candidate genes to GWAS and back again. Mutagenesis 27:141–142
National Cancer Institute (2015) PDQ® Genetics of Colorectal Cancer. http://cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/genetics/colorectal/HealthProfessional. Accessed 15 Jun 2015
Chang CQ, Yesupriya A, Rowell JL et al (2014) A systematic review of cancer GWAS and candidate gene meta-analyses reveals limited overlap but similar effect sizes. Eur J Hum Genet 22:402–408
Esteban-Jurado C, Garre P, Vila M et al (2014) New genes emerging for colorectal cancer predisposition. World J Gastroenterol 20:1961–1971
Butterworth AS, Higgins JP, Pharoah P (2006) Relative and absolute risk of colorectal cancer for individuals with a family history: a meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer 42:216–227
Le Marchand L, Zhao LP, Quiaoit F et al (1996) Family history and risk of colorectal cancer in the multiethnic population of Hawaii. Am J Epidemiol 144:1122–1128
Ma X, Zhang B, Zheng W (2014) Genetic variants associated with colorectal cancer risk: comprehensive research synopsis, meta-analysis, and epidemiological evidence. Gut 63:326–336
Yang Z, Zhang XF, Liu HX et al (2012) MTHFR C677T polymorphism and colorectal cancer risk in Asians, a meta-analysis of 21 studies. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 13:1203–1208
Le Marchand L, Wilkens LR, Kolonel LN et al (2005) The MTHFR C677T polymorphism and colorectal cancer: the multiethnic cohort study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 14:1198–1203
Andersen V, Holst R, Vogel U (2013) Systematic review: diet-gene interactions and the risk of colorectal cancer. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 37:383–391
Ferrari P, Mckay JD, Jenab M et al (2012) Alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase gene polymorphisms, alcohol intake and the risk of colorectal cancer in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition study. Eur J Clin Nutr 66:1303–1308
Andersen V, Vogel U (2015) Interactions between meat intake and genetic variation in relation to colorectal cancer. Genes Nutr 10:448
Kim J, Cho YA, Kim DH et al (2012) Dietary intake of folate and alcohol, MTHFR C677T polymorphism, and colorectal cancer risk in Korea. Am J Clin Nutr 95:405–412
Peng XE, Jiang YY, Shi XS et al (2013) NQO1 609C > T polymorphism interaction with tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking increases colorectal cancer risk in a Chinese population. Gene 521:105–110
Vogtmann E, Xiang YB, Li HL et al (2014) Cruciferous vegetables, glutathione S-transferase polymorphisms, and the risk of colorectal cancer among Chinese men. Ann Epidemiol 24:44–49
Lichtenstein P, Holm NV, Verkasalo PK et al (2000) Environmental and heritable factors in the causation of cancer—analyses of cohorts of twins from Sweden, Denmark, and Finland. N Engl J Med 343:78–85
Aaltonen L, Johns L, Jarvinen H et al (2007) Explaining the familial colorectal cancer risk associated with mismatch repair (MMR)-deficient and MMR-stable tumors. Clin Cancer Res 13:356–361
Zhang K, Civan J, Mukherjee S et al (2014) Genetic variations in colorectal cancer risk and clinical outcome. World J Gastroenterol 20:4167–4177
Jiao S, Peters U, Berndt S et al (2014) Estimating the heritability of colorectal cancer. Hum Mol Genet 23:3898–3905
Peters U, Hutter CM, Hsu L et al (2012) Meta-analysis of new genome-wide association studies of colorectal cancer risk. Hum Genet 131:217–234
Wang H, Burnett T, Kono S et al (2014) Trans-ethnic genome-wide association study of colorectal cancer identifies a new susceptibility locus in VTI1A. Nat Commun 5:4613
Jia WH, Zhang B, Matsuo K et al (2013) Genome-wide association analyses in East Asians identify new susceptibility loci for colorectal cancer. Nat Genet 45:191–196
Zhang B, Jia WH, Matsuo K et al (2014) Genome-wide association study identifies a new SMAD7 risk variant associated with colorectal cancer risk in East Asians. Int J Cancer 135:948–955
Zhang B, Jia WH, Matsuda K et al (2014) Large-scale genetic study in East Asians identifies six new loci associated with colorectal cancer risk. Nat Genet 46:533–542
Cui R, Okada Y, Jang SG et al (2011) Common variant in 6q26-q27 is associated with distal colon cancer in an Asian population. Gut 60:799–805
He J, Wilkens LR, Stram DO et al (2011) Generalizability and epidemiologic characterization of eleven colorectal cancer GWAS hits in multiple populations. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 20:70–81
Lim U, Wilkens LR, Monroe KR et al (2012) Susceptibility variants for obesity and colorectal cancer risk: the multiethnic cohort and PAGE studies. Int J Cancer 131:E1038–E1043
Cheng I, Caberto CP, Lum-Jones A et al (2011) Type 2 diabetes risk variants and colorectal cancer risk: the multiethnic cohort and PAGE studies. Gut 60:1703–1711
Qin Q, Liu L, Zhong R et al (2013) The genetic variant on chromosome 10p14 is associated with risk of colorectal cancer: results from a case–control study and a meta-analysis. PLoS One 8:e64310
Zou L, Zhong R, Lou J et al (2012) Replication study in Chinese population and meta-analysis supports association of the 11q23 locus with colorectal cancer. PLoS One 7:e45461
Li FX, Yang XX, He XQ et al (2012) Association of 10q23 with colorectal cancer in a Chinese population. Mol Biol Rep 39:9557–9562
Zheng X, Wang L, Zhu Y et al (2012) The SNP rs961253 in 20p12.3 is associated with colorectal cancer risk: a case–control study and a meta-analysis of the published literature. PLoS One 7:e34625
Zhu L, Du M, Gu D et al (2013) Genetic variant rs7758229 in 6q26-q27 is not associated with colorectal cancer risk in a Chinese population. PLoS One 8:e59256
Thean LF, Li HH, Teo YY et al (2012) Association of Caucasian-identified variants with colorectal cancer risk in Singapore Chinese. PLoS One 7:e42407
Matsuo K, Suzuki T, Ito H et al (2009) Association between an 8q24 locus and the risk of colorectal cancer in Japanese. BMC Cancer 9:379
Wang H, Haiman CA, Burnett T et al (2013) Fine-mapping of genome-wide association study-identified risk loci for colorectal cancer in African Americans. Hum Mol Genet 22:5048–5055
Acknowledgments
Financial Disclosure: This work was in part supported by the National Cancer Institute grants U01CA164973 and 1R01CA126895.
Authors’ declaration of personal interests: None declared.
Declaration of funding interests: None declared.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Park, SY., Le Marchand, L. (2016). Colorectal Cancer Among Asian Americans. In: Wu, A., Stram, D. (eds) Cancer Epidemiology Among Asian Americans. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41118-7_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41118-7_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-41116-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-41118-7
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)