Abstract
Cancer screening tests such as mammograms, Pap smears, and colonoscopies can help detect cancer at an early stage, before symptoms appear. Some screening tests such as colonoscopy and Pap smears can also detect precancerous abnormal tissue, which if removed can prevent the occurrence of cancer. Generally, the earlier cancer is detected, the easier it is to treat. Survival and mortality outcomes are also much better for cancer detected at an early versus late stage. However, in addition to benefits, some screening tests carry risks, and finding the cancer early does not always improve the person’s health or help the person live longer [1].
This chapter will examine the utilization of cancer screening tests among selected Asian American ethnic groups and describe the research on factors that are associated with screening. We will give examples of interventions to promote cancer screening that have been tested in Asian American populations and summarize both the scientific knowledge and research gaps regarding cancer screening. The chapter will close with recommendations and next steps for research and practice on cancer screening among Asian Americans.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Cox B, Sneyd MJ (2013) Bias in breast cancer research in the screening era. Breast 22(6):1041–1045
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (2014) http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Name/home
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2012) Cancer screening—United States, 2010. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 61(3):41–45
California Health Interview Survey 2014. http://healthpolicy.ucla.edu/chis/Pages/default.aspx
Hoeffel EM, Rastogi S, Kim MO, Shahid H (2012) The Asian Population: 2010. 2010 Census Brief issued March 2012. US Census Bureau, Washington, DC
Ryu SY, Crespi CM, Maxwell AE (2013) Colorectal cancer among Koreans living in South Korea versus California: incidence, mortality, and screening rates. Ethnic Health 19:406–423
Lee HY, Ju E, Vang PD, Lundquist M (2010) Breast and cervical cancer screening disparity among Asian American women: does race/ethnicity matter [corrected]? J Womens Health 19(10):1877–1884
Lee HY, Lundquist M, Ju E, Luo X, Townsend A (2011) Colorectal cancer screening disparities in Asian Americans and pacific islanders: which groups are most vulnerable? Ethn Health 16(6):501–518
Chen MS Jr, Fang DM, Stewart SL, Ly MY, Lee S, Dang JH et al (2013) Increasing hepatitis B screening for hmong adults: results from a randomized controlled community-based study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 22(5):782–791
Taylor VM, Bastani R, Burke N, Talbot J, Sos C, Liu Q et al (2011) Factors associated with hepatitis B testing among Cambodian American men and women. J Immigr Minor Health 14(1):30–38
Lee S, Chen L, Jung MY, Baezconde-Garbanati L, Juon HS (2014) Acculturation and cancer screening among Asian Americans: role of health insurance and having a regular physician. J Community Health 39(2):201–212
Ma GX, Tan Y, Wang MQ, Yuan Y, Chae WG (2010) Hepatitis B screening compliance and non-compliance among Chinese, Koreans, Vietnamese and Cambodians. Clin Med Insights Gastroenterol 3:1–10
Maxwell AE, Bastani R, Chen MS Jr, Nguyen TT, Stewart SL, Taylor VM (2010) Constructing a theoretically based set of measures for liver cancer control research studies. Prev Med 50(1–2):68–73
Stewart SL, Rakowski W, Pasick RJ (2009) Behavioral constructs and mammography in five ethnic groups. Health Educ Behav 36(5 Suppl):36S–54S
Juon HS, Lee S, Strong C, Rimal R, Kirk GD, Bowie J (2014) Effect of a liver cancer education program on hepatitis B screening among Asian Americans in the Baltimore-Washington metropolitan area, 2009-2010. Prev Chronic Dis 11:130258
Thompson CA, Gomez SL, Chan A, Chan JK, McClellan SR, Chung S et al (2014) Patient and provider characteristics associated with colorectal, breast, and cervical cancer screening among Asian Americans. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 23(11):2208–2217
Kandula NR, Wen M, Jacobs EA, Lauderdale DS (2006) Low rates of colorectal, cervical, and breast cancer screening in Asian Americans compared with non-Hispanic whites: cultural influences or access to care? Cancer 107(1):184–192
Maxwell AE, Crespi CM (2009) Trends in colorectal cancer screening utilization among ethnic groups in California: are we closing the gap? Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 18(3):752–759
American Cancer Society (2014) Colorectal Cancer Facts & Figures 2014-2016. American Cancer Society, Atlanta
Lok AS, McMahon BJ (2009) Chronic hepatitis B: update 2009. Hepatology 50(3):661–662
Chou R, Dana T, Bougatsos C, Blazina I, Khangura J, Zakher B (2014) Screening for hepatitis B virus infection in adolescents and adults: a systematic review to update the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation. Ann Intern Med 161(1):31–45
Colvin HM, Mitchell AE (2010) Hepatitis and liver cancer: A national strategy for prevention and control of hepatitis B and C. National Academic Press, Washington, DC
Khalili M, Burman B (2014) Liver disease. In: Hammer GD, McPhee SJ (eds) Pathophysiology of disease: An introduction to clinical medicine, 7th edn. Lange Medical Books/McGraw-Hill, New York
Tanaka M, Gehan E, Chen MY, Wang JH (2014) Hepatitis B screening practice among older Chinese in the Greater Washington, DC, area. South Med J 107(10):655–660
Strong C, Lee S, Tanaka M, Juon HS (2012) Ethnic differences in prevalence and barriers of HBV screening and vaccination among Asian Americans. J Community Health 37(5):1071–1080
Nguyen TT, McPhee SJ, Stewart S, Gildengorin G, Zhang L, Wong C et al (2010) Factors associated with hepatitis B testing among Vietnamese Americans. J Gen Intern Med 25(7):694–700
Taylor VM, Talbot J, Do HH, Liu Q, Yasui Y, Jackson JC et al (2011) Hepatitis B knowledge and practices among Cambodian Americans. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 12(4):957–961
Taylor VM, Tu SP, Woodall E, Acorda E, Chen H, Choe J et al (2006) Hepatitis B knowledge and practices among Chinese immigrants to the United States. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 7(2):313–317
Bastani R, Glenn BA, Maxwell AE, Jo AM (2007) Hepatitis B testing for liver cancer control among Korean Americans. Ethn Dis 17(2):365–373
Grytdal SP, Liao Y, Chen R, Garvin CC, Grigg-Saito D, Kagawa-Singer M et al (2009) Hepatitis B testing and vaccination among Vietnamese- and Cambodian-Americans. J Community Health 34(3):173–180
Bastani R, Glenn BA, Maxwell AE, Jo AM, Herrmann AK, Crespi CM et al (2015) Cluster-randomized trial to increase hepatitis B testing among Koreans in Los Angeles. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 24(9):1341–1349
Bastani R, Glenn BA, Taylor VM, Chen MS Jr, Nguyen TT, Stewart SL et al (2010) Integrating theory into community interventions to reduce liver cancer disparities: the health behavior framework. Prev Med 50(1-2):63–67
Maxwell AE, Bastani R, Crespi CM, Danao LL, Cayetano RT (2011) Behavioral mediators of colorectal cancer screening in a randomized controlled intervention trial. Prev Med 52(2):167–173
Maxwell AE, Crespi CM, Antonio CM, Lu P (2010) Explaining disparities in colorectal cancer screening among five Asian ethnic groups: a population-based study in California. BMC Cancer 10:214
Beydoun HA, Beydoun MA (2008) Predictors of colorectal cancer screening behaviors among average-risk older adults in the United States. Cancer Causes Control 19(4):339–359
Wu TY, Guthrie BJ, Bancroft JM (2005) An integrative review on breast cancer screening practice and correlates among Chinese, Korean, Filipino, and Asian Indian American women. Health Care Women Int 26(3):225–246
Coronado GD, Taylor VM, Tu SP, Yasui Y, Acorda E, Woodall E et al (2007) Correlates of hepatitis B testing among Chinese Americans. J Community Health 32(6):379–390
Pourat N, Kagawa-Singer M, Breen N, Sripipatana A (2010) Access versus acculturation: identifying modifiable factors to promote cancer screening among Asian American women. Med Care 48(12):1088–1096
Nguyen TT, McPhee SJ, Nguyen T, Lam T, Mock J (2002) Predictors of cervical Pap smear screening awareness, intention, and receipt among Vietnamese-American women. Am J Prev Med 23(3):207–214
Taylor VM, Jackson JC, Tu SP, Yasui Y, Schwartz SM, Kuniyuki A et al (2002) Cervical cancer screening among Chinese Americans. Cancer Detect Prev 26(2):139–145
Ma GX, Fang CY, Feng Z, Tan Y, Gao W, Ge S et al (2012) Correlates of cervical cancer screening among Vietnamese American women. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2012:617234
Bastani R, Maxwell AE, Bradford C, Das IP, Yan KX (1999) Tailored risk notification for women with a family history of breast cancer. Prev Med 29(5):355–364
Sun WY, Basch CE, Wolf RL, Li XJ (2004) Factors associated with colorectal cancer screening among Chinese-Americans. Prev Med 39(2):323–329
Anhang Price R, Zapka J, Edwards H, Taplin SH (2010) Organizational factors and the cancer screening process. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 2010(40):38–57
Hsu L, Bowlus CL, Stewart SL, Nguyen TT, Dang J, Chan B et al (2013) Electronic messages increase hepatitis B screening in at-risk Asian American patients: a randomized, controlled trial. Dig Dis Sci 58(3):807–814
Nguyen BH, Nguyen KP, McPhee SJ, Nguyen AT, Tran DQ, Jenkins CN (2000) Promoting cancer prevention activities among Vietnamese physicians in California. J Cancer Educ 15(2):82–85
Nguyen TT, McPhee SJ, Bui-Tong N, Luong TN, Ha-Iaconis T, Nguyen T et al (2006) Community-based participatory research increases cervical cancer screening among Vietnamese-Americans. J Health Care Poor Underserved 17(2 Suppl):31–54
Wang X, Fang C, Tan Y, Liu A, Ma GX (2010) Evidence-based intervention to reduce access barriers to cervical cancer screening among underserved Chinese American women. J Womens Health 19(3):463–469
Ma GX, Shive S, Tan Y, Gao W, Rhee J, Park M et al (2009) Community-based colorectal cancer intervention in underserved Korean Americans. Cancer Epidemiol 33(5):381–386
Tu SP, Yasui Y, Kuniyuki A, Thompson B, Schwartz SM, Jackson JC et al (2000) Breast cancer screening among Cambodian American women. Cancer Detect Prev 24(6):549–563
Wu TY, West B, Chen YW, Hergert C (2006) Health beliefs and practices related to breast cancer screening in Filipino, Chinese and Asian-Indian women. Cancer Detect Prev 30(1):58–66
Taylor VM, Schwartz SM, Jackson JC, Kuniyuki A, Fischer M, Yasui Y et al (1999) Cervical cancer screening among Cambodian-American women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 8(6):541–546
Wang JH, Liang W, Chen MY, Cullen J, Feng S, Yi B et al (2006) The influence of culture and cancer worry on colon cancer screening among older Chinese-American women. Ethn Dis 16(2):404–411
Briss PA, Zaza S, Pappaioanou M, Fielding J, Wright-De Aguero L, Truman BI et al (2000) Developing an evidence-based Guide to Community Preventive Services--methods. The Task Force on Community Preventive Services. Am J Prev Med 18(1 Suppl):35–43
Lu M, Moritz S, Lorenzetti D, Sykes L, Straus S, Quan H (2012) A systematic review of interventions to increase breast and cervical cancer screening uptake among Asian women. BMC Public Health 12:413
Sabatino SA, Lawrence B, Elder R, Mercer SL, Wilson KM, DeVinney B et al (2012) Effectiveness of interventions to increase screening for breast, cervical, and colorectal cancers: nine updated systematic reviews for the guide to community preventive services. Am J Prev Med 43(1):97–118
Tu SP, Taylor V, Yasui Y, Chun A, Yip MP, Acorda E et al (2006) Promoting culturally appropriate colorectal cancer screening through a health educator: a randomized controlled trial. Cancer 107(5):959–966
Tu SP, Chun A, Yasui Y, Kuniyuki A, Yip MP, Taylor V et al (2014) Adaptation of an evidence-based intervention to promote colorectal cancer screening: a quasi-experimental study. Implement Sci 9:85
Bird JA, McPhee SJ, Ha NT, Le B, Davis T, Jenkins CN (1998) Opening pathways to cancer screening for Vietnamese-American women: lay health workers hold a key. Prev Med 27(6):821–829
Mock J, McPhee SJ, Nguyen T, Wong C, Doan H, Lai KQ et al (2007) Effective lay health worker outreach and media-based education for promoting cervical cancer screening among Vietnamese American women. Am J Public Health 97(9):1693–1700
Nguyen TT, Le G, Nguyen T, Le K, Lai K, Gildengorin G et al (2009) Breast cancer screening among Vietnamese Americans: a randomized controlled trial of lay health worker outreach. Am J Prev Med 37(4):306–313
Taylor VM, Jackson JC, Yasui Y, Nguyen TT, Woodall E, Acorda E et al (2010) Evaluation of a cervical cancer control intervention using lay health workers for Vietnamese American women. Am J Public Health 100(10):1924–1929
Taylor VM, Bastani R, Burke N, Talbot J, Sos C, Liu Q et al (2013) Evaluation of a hepatitis B lay health worker intervention for Cambodian Americans. J Community Health 38(3):546–553
Taylor VM, Hislop TG, Jackson JC, Tu SP, Yasui Y, Schwartz SM et al (2002) A randomized controlled trial of interventions to promote cervical cancer screening among Chinese women in North America. J Natl Cancer Inst 94(9):670–677
Taylor VM, Jackson JC, Yasui Y, Kuniyuki A, Acorda E, Marchand A et al (2002) Evaluation of an outreach intervention to promote cervical cancer screening among Cambodian American women. Cancer Detect Prev 26(4):320–327
Taylor VM, Hislop TG, Tu SP, Teh C, Acorda E, Yip MP et al (2009) Evaluation of a hepatitis B lay health worker intervention for Chinese Americans and Canadians. J Community Health 34(3):165–172
Lee E, Menon U, Nandy K, Szalacha L, Kviz F, Cho Y et al (2014) The effect of a couples intervention to increase breast cancer screening among Korean Americans. Oncol Nurs Forum 41(3):E185–E193
Lee-Lin F, Nguyen T, Pedhiwala N, Dieckmann N, Menon U (2015) A breast health educational program for Chinese-American women: 3- to 12-month postintervention effect. Am J Health Promot 29(3):173–181
Maxwell AE, Bastani R, Vida P, Warda US (2003) Results of a randomized trial to increase breast and cervical cancer screening among Filipino American women. Prev Med 37(2):102–109
Maxwell AE, Bastani R, Danao LL, Antonio C, Garcia GM, Crespi CM (2010) Results of a community-based randomized trial to increase colorectal cancer screening among Filipino Americans. Am J Public Health 100(11):2228–2234
Wu TY, Lin C (2015) Developing and evaluating an individually tailored intervention to increase mammography adherence among Chinese American women. Cancer Nurs 38(1):40–49
Wang JH, Schwartz MD, Brown RL, Maxwell AE, Lee MM, Adams IF et al (2012) Results of a randomized controlled trial testing the efficacy of a culturally-targeted and a generic video on mammography screening among Chinese-American immigrants. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 21(11):1923–32
Walsh JM, Salazar R, Nguyen TT, Kaplan C, Nguyen LK, Hwang J et al (2010) Healthy colon, healthy life: a novel colorectal cancer screening intervention. Am J Prev Med 39(1):1–14
Jenkins CN, McPhee SJ, Bird JA, Pham GQ, Nguyen BH, Nguyen T et al (1999) Effect of a media-led education campaign on breast and cervical cancer screening among Vietnamese-American women. Prev Med 28(4):395–406
Nguyen T, Vo PH, McPhee SJ, Jenkins CN (2001) Promoting early detection of breast cancer among Vietnamese-American women. Results of a controlled trial. Cancer 91(1 Suppl): 267–273
Nguyen TT, McPhee SJ, Gildengorin G, Nguyen T, Wong C, Lai KQ et al (2006) Papanicolaou testing among Vietnamese Americans: results of a multifaceted intervention. Am J Prev Med 31(1):1–9
Moskowitz JM, Kazinets G, Wong JM, Tager IB (2007) “Health is strength”: a community health education program to improve breast and cervical cancer screening among Korean American Women in Alameda County, California. Cancer Detect Prev 31(2):173–183
Wismer BA, Moskowitz JM, Min K, Chen AM, Ahn Y, Cho S et al (2001) Interim assessment of a community intervention to improve breast and cervical cancer screening among Korean American women. J Public Health Manag Pract 7(2):61–70
Nguyen BH, McPhee SJ, Stewart SL, Doan HT (2010) Effectiveness of a controlled trial to promote colorectal cancer screening in Vietnamese Americans. Am J Public Health 100(5): 870–876
Hou SI, Sealy DA, Kabiru CW (2011) Closing the disparity gap: cancer screening interventions among Asians--a systematic literature review. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 12(11):3133–3139
McPhee SJ, Nguyen TT, Shema SJ, Nguyen B, Somkin C, Vo P et al (2002) Validation of recall of breast and cervical cancer screening by women in an ethnically diverse population. Prev Med 35(5):463–473
Pasick RJ, Stewart SL, Bird JA, D’Onofrio CN (2001) Quality of data in multiethnic health surveys. Public Health Rep 116(Suppl 1):223–243
Paskett ED, McLaughlin JM, Lehman AM, Katz ML, Tatum CM, Oliveri JM (2011) Evaluating the efficacy of lay health advisors for increasing risk-appropriate Pap test screening: a randomized controlled trial among Ohio Appalachian women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 20(5):835–843
Pourat N, Hadler MW (2014) Ready for ACA? How community health centers are preparing for health care reform. Policy brief (UCLA Center for Health Policy Research (PB2014-4):1-6, appendix
Financial Disclosure
Authors’ declaration of personal interests: none
Declaration of funding interests: none
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Maxwell, A.E., Taylor, V.M., Bastani, R. (2016). Cancer Screening Among Asian Americans. In: Wu, A., Stram, D. (eds) Cancer Epidemiology Among Asian Americans. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41118-7_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41118-7_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-41116-3
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-41118-7
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)