Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Liver Cancer Among Asian Americans

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Cancer Epidemiology Among Asian Americans

  • 481 Accesses

Abstract

Asian Americans represent a highly heterogeneous racial group in the USA, defined by the US Census as persons having origins in any of the original peoples of the Far East, Southeast Asia, or the Indian subcontinent. Currently accounting for 5.6 % of the US population, over two-thirds of the Asian American population is foreign born, and it has been the fastest-growing racial group with an average growth rate of 45.6 % between 2000 and 2010. The five largest Asian American subpopulations are those of Chinese (28 %), Filipino (19.7 %), Indian (18.3 %), Vietnamese (10 %), and Korean (9.8 %) origin. Just under half of the Asian American population resides in the Western USA, followed by 21 % in the South, 20 % in the Northeast, and 11 % in the Midwest.

Primary liver cancer, which includes hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma, is among the three cancers with rising incidence and is the fastest-growing cause of cancer-related death in the USA. Asian Americans represent one of the highest-risk groups for both incidence and mortality due to primary liver cancer in the USA. This chapter provides an overview of the epidemiology, clinical outcomes, and avenues for further research on primary liver cancer among Asian Americans.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Abbreviations

AASLD:

American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases

AFP:

Alpha-fetoprotein

BCLC:

Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer

CDC:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

HBIG:

Hepatitis B immune globulin

HBV:

Hepatitis B virus

HCC:

Hepatocellular carcinoma

HCV:

Hepatitis C virus

MELD:

Model for end-stage liver disease

SEER:

Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results

TACE:

Trans-arterial chemoemobolization

TARE:

Trans-arterial radioembolization

UCSF:

University of California, San Francisco

USPSTF:

United States Preventive Services Task Force

References

  1. Siegel R, Naishadham D, Jemal A (2013) Cancer statistics, 2013. CA Cancer J Clin 63:11–30. doi:10.3322/caac.21166

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  2. Altekruse SF, Henley SJ, Cucinelli JE, McGlynn KA (2014) Changing hepatocellular carcinoma incidence and liver cancer mortality rates in the united states. Am J Gastroenterol 109:542–553. doi:10.1038/ajg.2014.11

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. El-Serag HB, Kanwal F (2014) Epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States: Where are we? Where do we go? Hepatology 60:1767–1775. doi:10.1002/hep.27222

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  4. Wong R, Corley DA (2008) Racial and ethnic variations in hepatocellular carcinoma incidence within the United States. Am J Med 121:525–531. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2008.03.005

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Gomez SL, Noone A-M, Lichtensztajn DY et al (2013) Cancer incidence trends among Asian American populations in the united states, 1990–2008. J Natl Cancer Inst 105:1096–1110. doi:10.1093/jnci/djt157

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Hoehn RS, Hanseman DJ, Wima K et al (2015) Does race affect management and survival in hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States? Surgery 158(5):1244–1251. doi:10.1016/j.surg.2015.03.026

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. El-Serag HB (2011) Hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med 365:1118–1127. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1001683

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A (2015) Cancer statistics, 2015. CA Cancer J Clin 65(1):5–29. doi:10.3322/caac.21254, Epub 2015 Jan 5

    Google Scholar 

  9. Devaki P, Wong RJ, Marupakula V et al (2014) Approximately one-half of patients with early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma meeting Milan criteria did not receive local tumor destructive or curative surgery in the post-MELD exception era. Cancer 120:1725–1732. doi:10.1002/cncr.28639

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Huang J, Yan L, Cheng Z et al (2010) A randomized trial comparing radiofrequency ablation and surgical resection for HCC conforming to the Milan criteria. Ann Surg 252:903–912. doi:10.1097/SLA.0b013e3181efc656

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Miller BA, Chu KC, Hankey BF, Ries LAG (2008) Cancer incidence and mortality patterns among specific Asian and Pacific Islander populations in the U.S. Cancer Causes Control 19(3):227–256

    Google Scholar 

  12. Kwong SL, Stewart SL, Aoki CA, Chen MS (2010) Disparities in hepatocellular carcinoma survival among Californians of Asian ancestry, 1988 to 2007. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 19:2747–2757. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-0477

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Fattovich G, Stroffolini T, Zagni I, Donato F (2004) Hepatocellular carcinoma in cirrhosis: incidence and risk factors. Gastroenterology 127:S35–S50

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Wong PY, Xia V, Imagawa DK et al (2011) Clinical presentation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in Asian-Americans versus Non-Asian-Americans. J Immigr Minor Health 13:842–848. doi:10.1007/s10903-010-9395-8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Di Bisceglie AM (2009) Hepatitis B and hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 49:S56–S60. doi:10.1002/hep.22962

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  16. Artinyan A, Mailey B, Sanchez-Luege N et al (2010) Race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status influence the survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma in the United States. Cancer 116:1367–1377. doi:10.1002/cncr.24817

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Lin H, Ha NB, Ahmed A et al (2013) Both HCV and HBV are major causes of liver cancer in southeast Asians. J Immigr Minor Health 15:1023–1029. doi:10.1007/s10903-013-9871-z

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Yang JD, Kim WR, Coelho R et al (2011) Cirrhosis is present in most patients with hepatitis B and hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 9:64–70. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2010.08.019

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Chang ET, Keegan THM, Gomez SL et al (2007) The burden of liver cancer in Asians and Pacific islanders in the greater San Francisco Bay area, 1990 through 2004. Cancer 109:2100–2108. doi:10.1002/cncr.22642

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  20. Pollack HJ, Kwon SC, Wang SH et al (2014) Chronic hepatitis B and liver cancer risks among Asian immigrants in New York city: results from a large, community-based screening, evaluation, and treatment program. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarks Prev 23:2229–2239. doi:10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-14-0491

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Chen C-J, Iloeje UH, Yang H-I (2007) Long-term outcomes in hepatitis B: the REVEAL-HBV study. Clin Liver Dis 11:797–816. doi:10.1016/j.cld.2007.08.005, viii

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Nguyen MH, Whittemore AS, Garcia RT et al (2004) Role of ethnicity in risk for hepatocellular carcinoma in patients with chronic hepatitis C and cirrhosis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2:820–824

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Razumilava N, Gores GJ (2014) Cholangiocarcinoma. Lancet 383:2168–2179. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61903-0

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  24. Tong MJ, Pan CQ, Hann H-W et al (2011) The management of chronic hepatitis B in Asian Americans. Dig Dis Sci 56:3143–3162. doi:10.1007/s10620-011-1841-5

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  25. Palaniappan LP, Wong EC, Shin JJ et al (2011) Asian Americans have greater prevalence of metabolic syndrome despite lower body mass index. Int J Obes 35:393–400. doi:10.1038/ijo.2010.152

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  26. Wong RJ (2014) Obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: disparate associations among Asian populations. World J Hepatol 6:263. doi:10.4254/wjh.v6.i5.263

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  27. Farrell GC, Wong VW-S, Chitturi S (2013) NAFLD in Asia—as common and important as in the West. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 10:307–318. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2013.34

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. Wong VW (2013) Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in Asia: a story of growth: nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in Asia. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 28:18–23. doi:10.1111/jgh.12011

    Google Scholar 

  29. Villanueva A, Hernandez-Gea V, Llovet JM (2012) Medical therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma: a critical view of the evidence. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 10:34–42. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2012.199

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Llovet JM, Brú C, Bruix J (1999) Prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: the BCLC staging classification. Semin Liver Dis 19:329–338. doi:10.1055/s-2007-1007122

    Google Scholar 

  31. Marrero JA, Fontana RJ, Barrat A et al (2005) Prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma: comparison of 7 staging systems in an American cohort. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md) 41:707–716. doi:10.1002/hep.20636

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Mazzaferro V, Regalia E, Doci R et al (1996) Liver transplantation for the treatment of small hepatocellular carcinomas in patients with cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 334:693–700. doi:10.1056/NEJM199603143341104

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Yao FY, Ferrell L, Bass NM et al (2001) Liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma: expansion of the tumor size limits does not adversely impact survival. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md) 33:1394–1403. doi:10.1053/jhep.2001.24563

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  34. Akoad ME, Pomfret EA (2015) Surgical resection and liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Liver Dis 19:381–399. doi:10.1016/j.cld.2015.01.007

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Altekruse SF, McGlynn KA, Reichman ME (2009) Hepatocellular carcinoma incidence, mortality, and survival trends in the united states from 1975 to 2005. J Clin Oncol 27:1485–1491. doi:10.1200/JCO.2008.20.7753

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. De Luna W, Sze DY, Ahmed A et al (2009) Transarterial chemoinfusion for hepatocellular carcinoma as downstaging therapy and a bridge toward liver transplantation. Am J Transplant 9:1158–1168. doi:10.1111/j.1600-6143.2009.02576.x

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Parikh ND, Waljee AK, Singal AG (2015) Downstaging hepatocellular carcinoma: a systematic review and pooled analysis. Liver Transpl 21(9):1142–1152. doi:10.1002/lt.24169

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Yao FY, Kinkhabwala M, LaBerge JM et al (2005) The impact of pre-operative loco-regional therapy on outcome after liver transplantation for hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Transpl 5:795–804. doi:10.1111/j.1600-6143.2005.00750.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  39. Yip B, Wantuck JM, Kim LH et al (2014) Clinical presentation and survival of Asian and non-Asian patients with HCV-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Dig Dis Sci 59:192–200. doi:10.1007/s10620-013-2948-7

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Wong RJ, Devaki P, Nguyen L et al (2014) Ethnic disparities and liver transplantation rates in hepatocellular carcinoma patients in the recent era: results from the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results registry: liver transplantation trends in HCC patients. Liver Transpl 20:528–535. doi:10.1002/lt.23820

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  41. Yu JC, Neugut AI, Wang S et al (2010) Racial and insurance disparities in the receipt of transplant among patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 116:1801–1809. doi:10.1002/cncr.24936

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  42. Jayasekera CR, Kim LH, Wantuck JM, et al (2014) Heterogeneity in risk factors and treatment allocation, but comparable clinical presentation and survival with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) among the three largest Asian sub-populations in California. The Liver Meeting: American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, Boston, MA. Abstract 1419.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Tong MJ, Chavalitdhamrong D, Lu DSK et al (2010) Survival in Asian Americans after treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma: a seven-year experience at UCLA. J Clin Gastroenterol 44:e63–e70. doi:10.1097/MCG.0b013e3181b4b68b

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  44. Wilson JMG, Jungner G (1968) Principles and practice of screening for disease. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland

    Google Scholar 

  45. Zhao C, Nguyen MH (2016) Hepatocellular Carcinoma Screening and Surveillance: Practice Guidelines and Real-Life Practice. J Clin Gastroenterol 50(2):120–33

    Google Scholar 

  46. Pan CQ, Duan Z-P, Bhamidimarri KR et al (2012) An algorithm for risk assessment and intervention of mother to child transmission of hepatitis B virus. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 10:452–459. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2011.10.041

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  47. Cohen C, Caballero J, Martin M et al (2013) Eradication of hepatitis B: a nationwide community coalition approach to improving vaccination, screening, and linkage to care. J Community Health 38:799–804. doi:10.1007/s10900-013-9699-4

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  48. Wong WF, LaVeist TA, Sharfstein JM (2015) Achieving health equity by design. JAMA 313:1417. doi:10.1001/jama.2015.2434

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  49. Lok ASF, McMahon BJ (2009) Chronic hepatitis B: update 2009. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md) 50:661–662. doi:10.1002/hep.23190

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Weinbaum CM, Williams I, Mast EE et al (2008) Recommendations for identification and public health management of persons with chronic hepatitis B virus infection. MMWR Recomm Rep 57:1–20

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  51. USPSTF (2014) Final recommendation statement: hepatitis B virus infection: screening, 2014. United States Preventative Services Task Force, Rockville

    Google Scholar 

  52. Lin SY, Chang ET, So SK (2007) Why we should routinely screen Asian American adults for hepatitis B: a cross-sectional study of Asians in California. Hepatology (Baltimore, Md) 46:1034–1040. doi:10.1002/hep.21784

    Article  Google Scholar 

  53. Bruix J, Sherman M (2011) Management of hepatocellular carcinoma: an update. Hepatology 53:1020–1022. doi:10.1002/hep.24199

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  54. Lok AS, Seeff LB, Morgan TR et al (2009) Incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma and associated risk factors in hepatitis C-related advanced liver disease. Gastroenterology 136:138–148. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2008.09.014

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  55. American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, Infectious Diseases Society of America. Recommendations for Testing, Managing, and Treating Hepatitis C [Internet]. 2016 [cited 2016 May 7]. Available from: http://www.hcvguidelines.org/full-report-view.

  56. Moyer VA, U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (2013) Screening for hepatitis C virus infection in adults: U.S. Preventive services task force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med 159:349–357. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-159-5-201309030-00672

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  57. Smith BD, Morgan RL, Beckett GA et al (2012) Recommendations for the identification of chronic hepatitis C virus infection among persons born during 1945–1965. MMWR Recomm Rep 61:1–32

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  58. Kin KC, Lin B, Chaung KT et al (2013) Less-established risk factors are common in Asian Americans with hepatitis C virus: a case-controlled study. Dig Dis Sci 58:3342–3347. doi:10.1007/s10620-013-2884-6

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  59. Nguyen LH, Nguyen MH (2013) Systematic review: Asian patients with chronic hepatitis C infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 37:921–936. doi:10.1111/apt.12300

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  60. Liaw Y-F, Sung JJY, Chow WC et al (2004) Lamivudine for patients with chronic hepatitis B and advanced liver disease. N Engl J Med 351:1521–1531. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa033364

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  61. Ayoub WS, Keeffe EB (2011) Review article: current antiviral therapy of chronic hepatitis B. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 34:1145–1158. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04869.x

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  62. Gordon SC, Lamerato LE, Rupp LB et al (2014) Antiviral therapy for chronic hepatitis B virus infection and development of hepatocellular carcinoma in a US population. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 12:885–893. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2013.09.062

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  63. Hosaka T, Suzuki F, Kobayashi M et al (2013) Long-term entecavir treatment reduces hepatocellular carcinoma incidence in patients with hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatology 58:98–107. doi:10.1002/hep.26180

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  64. Lin D, Yang HI, Nguyen NH, Hoang JK, Kim Y, Vu VD, Le AK, Chaung KT, Nguyen VG, Trinh HN, Li J, Zhang JQ, Hsing AW, Chen CJ, Nguyen MH (2015) Antiviral Therapy for Chronic Hepatitis B (CHB) Reduces the Incidence of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) Regardless of Cirrhosis Status: Analysis with Adjustment for REACH-B Risk Score. Hepatology 62(Suppl):S315

    Google Scholar 

  65. Kim LH, Nguyen VG, Trinh HN et al (2014) Low treatment rates in patients meeting guideline criteria in diverse practice settings. Dig Dis Sci 59:2091–2099. doi:10.1007/s10620-014-3283-3

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  66. Ku KC, Li J, Ha NB et al (2013) Chronic hepatitis B management based on standard guidelines in community primary care and specialty clinics. Dig Dis Sci 58:3626–3633. doi:10.1007/s10620-013-2889-1

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  67. Sarkar M, Shvachko VA, Ready JB et al (2014) Characteristics and management of patients with chronic hepatitis B in an integrated care setting. Dig Dis Sci 59:2100–2108. doi:10.1007/s10620-014-3142-2

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  68. Wu Y, Johnson KB, Roccaro G et al (2014) Poor adherence to AASLD guidelines for chronic hepatitis B management and treatment in a large academic medical center. Am J Gastroenterol 109:867–875. doi:10.1038/ajg.2014.72

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  69. Zhang B-H, Yang B-H, Tang Z-Y (2004) Randomized controlled trial of screening for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 130:417–422. doi:10.1007/s00432-004-0552-0

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  70. Dore GJ, Feld JJ (2015) Hepatitis C virus therapeutic development: in pursuit of “perfectovir”. Clin Infect Dis 60:1829–1836. doi:10.1093/cid/civ197

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  71. Messina JP, Humphreys I, Flaxman A et al (2014) Global distribution and prevalence of hepatitis C virus genotypes. Hepatology 61(1):77–87. doi:10.1002/hep.27259

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  72. Bruix J, Sherman M (2005) Management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology 42:1208–1236. doi:10.1002/hep.20933

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  73. Yapali S, Talaat N, Lok AS (2014) Management of hepatitis B: our practice and how it relates to the guidelines. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 12:16–26. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2013.04.036

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  74. Singal AG, Yopp A, S Skinner C et al (2012) Utilization of hepatocellular carcinoma surveillance among American patients: a systematic review. J Gen Intern Med 27:861–867. doi:10.1007/s11606-011-1952-x

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  75. Chen VL, Kim LH, Nguyen P, Zhao C, Nguyen MH (2016) Diagnosis by Screening Rather Than Symptoms in Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is Associated with Earlier Stage, More Curative Treatment Options, and Improved Survival, Regardless of Cirrhosis Status. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 14(6):887–895.e1

    Google Scholar 

  76. Wang C, Zhao C, Le AK, Nguyen L, Trinh HN, Li J, Hoang J, Nguyen N, Nguyen MH. Poor adherence and poor persistency of consistent adherence to AASLD guidelines for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) screening and surveillance in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients at both university and community clinics: A multicenter U.S. cohort study. Medicine 2016. In press

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Financial Disclosure

1. Authors’ Declaration of Personal Interests:

(i) Channa Jayasekera has no declarations to disclose.

(ii) Mindie H. Nguyen has served as a consultant for Bristol-Myers Squibb and Gilead Sciences Inc. and has received funding from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Novartis Pharmaceuticals, and Roche.

2. Declaration of Funding Interests:

None to disclose.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. The Barry S Levin Department of Transplantation, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA

    Channa R. Jayasekera M.D., M.Sc.

  2. Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Stanford University Medical Center, 750 Welch Road, Suite 210, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA

    Mindie H. Nguyen M.D., M.A.S.

Authors
  1. Channa R. Jayasekera M.D., M.Sc.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mindie H. Nguyen M.D., M.A.S.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Mindie H. Nguyen M.D., M.A.S. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA

    Anna H. Wu

  2. Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine of USC University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA

    Daniel O. Stram

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Jayasekera, C.R., Nguyen, M.H. (2016). Liver Cancer Among Asian Americans. In: Wu, A., Stram, D. (eds) Cancer Epidemiology Among Asian Americans. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41118-7_10

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation