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Realism and Fear in International Relations

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Realism and Fear in International Relations

Abstract

Chapter 1 offers a much-needed overview of realism and fear. With regard to realism, it examines this school of thought and introduces its leading proponents covered in this study: Hans Morgenthau, Kenneth Waltz and John Mearsheimer. The conception of fear that animates this study is also introduced and formulated on the basis of existing work in International Relations, psychology and neuroscience. The analytical framework and original method of fully integrated content analysis used for assessing the role of fear in the works of the aforementioned scholars also appear in this chapter.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    In this book, fear is defined as a spontaneous reaction to a perceived threat or danger which creates an intense urge to defend oneself from that threat or danger.

  2. 2.

    Orwell 1949, 220, emphasis added.

  3. 3.

    Pain and Smith 2008, 3.

  4. 4.

    Enloe 2000; Goldstein 2001.

  5. 5.

    Jabri 2012, 54.

  6. 6.

    Campbell 1998, 48; Shapiro 1992, 137, 139.

  7. 7.

    Campbell 1998, 48.

  8. 8.

    Lebow 2008, 89; Wendt 1992, 400, 415–416; Wendt 1999, 359–363.

  9. 9.

    Moravcsik 1997, 541.

  10. 10.

    Thucydides 1972, 49, 103, emphasis added.

  11. 11.

    Machiavelli 1988, 59, emphasis added.

  12. 12.

    Hobbes 1947, 64–65, emphasis added.

  13. 13.

    Donnelly 2000; Wohlforth 2008, 132; Guzzini 1998, 9; Porter 1972, ix; Vasquez 1983, 13.

  14. 14.

    Carr 1939, 10; Mearsheimer 2001c, 9.

  15. 15.

    Lake and Rothchild 1998; Lischer 1999; Melander 2009; Petersen 2002.

  16. 16.

    Altheide 2006; Nacos, Bloch-Elkon, and Shapiro 2011.

  17. 17.

    See for example, Craig 2007; Jervis 1989; Sagan and Waltz 2003.

  18. 18.

    See for example, Booth and Wheeler 2008; Butterfield 1951; Herz 1959; Glaser 1997; Jervis 1976; Tang 2010a.

  19. 19.

    Craig 2007, 170–172; Tannenwald 2007, 7.

  20. 20.

    Bleiker and Hutchison 2008, 116.

  21. 21.

    Crawford 2000, 156; Ross 2006, 197; Rø 2013, 15; Saurette 2006, 499; Solomon 2012, 216.

  22. 22.

    Lebow 2008, 158.

  23. 23.

    Crawford 2000, 116, 119, 156; Donnelly 2000, 43; Freyberg-Inan 2004, 13; Gross Stein 2013, 202; Rathbun 2007, 539, 540 nn. 5, 541, 553–554.

  24. 24.

    Brooks 1997, 449; Craig 2004, 144; Craig 2007, 13; Rø 2013, 15; Schweller 1996, 109; Sterling-Folker 2002, 72; Tang 2010a, 69.

  25. 25.

    Pashakhanlou Forthcoming.

  26. 26.

    Alker and Biersteker 1984; Maliniak, Peterson, and Tierney 2012, 12.

  27. 27.

    Hoffmann 1977, 47–48; Wallace 1996.

  28. 28.

    Donnelly 2000; Guzzini 1998; Haslam 2002; Molloy 2006; Smith 1986; Tjalve 2008; Vasquez 1998.

  29. 29.

    Booth 2011; Buzan, Jones, and Little 1993; Cozette 2008; Elman 2004; Frei 2001; Humphreys 2013; Jütersonke 2010; Keohane 1986a; Layne 2002; Pashakhanlou 2009; Pashakhanlou 2013; Pashakhanlou 2014; Schroeder 1994; Schweller 1996; Snyder 2002; Toft 2005; Tucker 1952; Valeriano 2009; Wendt 1992; Williams 2007.

  30. 30.

    Booth and Wheeler 2008, 63.

  31. 31.

    For rare exceptions, see for example, Booth and Wheeler 2008; Petersen 2002.

  32. 32.

    Bleiker and Hutchison 2008; Crawford 2000; Mercer 2010; Ross 2006; Sasley 2011.

  33. 33.

    Tang 2008.

  34. 34.

    Evrigenis 2007.

  35. 35.

    Tang 2008, 469–471.

  36. 36.

    Evrigenis 2007, 214.

  37. 37.

    Not all of these 400 publications are listed in the bibliography since some of them do not contain any relevant references to fear or contain any other information that has been included in the monograph.

  38. 38.

    Donnelly 2000; Lebow 2003; Wohlforth 2008, 132.

  39. 39.

    Guzzini 1998, 9; Porter 1972, ix; Vasquez 1983, 13.

  40. 40.

    Wohlforth 2008, 132.

  41. 41.

    Donnelly 2000, 7–9; Gallarotti 2010, 13, 17–20; Molloy 2006; Nye 2004; Schmidt 2007; Sheehan 1996, 4–10.

  42. 42.

    Gilpin 2011, 16–17; Hobson 2000, 5; Jackson 1993, 7–9; Kapstein and Mastanduno 1999; Spegele 1996, 85–86; Wagner 2007, x; Zakaria 1998, 35–42.

  43. 43.

    Copeland 2000, 1–3, 11–16; Layne 2006, 15–19; Miller 2007, 3–5; Simpson 2004, 14, 72; Thayer 2004, 61–65; Wang 2011, 21.

  44. 44.

    Buzan 1996, 61; Dienstag 2008; Freyberg-Inan 2004, 11–13, 58–61, 101–105, 181–182; Kolodziej 2005, 127; Krasner 1996, 119.

  45. 45.

    Ayoob 2002.

  46. 46.

    Glaser 1994.

  47. 47.

    Rosecrance 2001.

  48. 48.

    Ibid.

  49. 49.

    Williams 2005.

  50. 50.

    Jütersonke 2010, 6; Levy and Thompson 2010, 1956–1957; Mearsheimer 2010d, 78; Snyder 2002, 149; Wohlforth 2008, 136–140.

  51. 51.

    Carr 1939.

  52. 52.

    Niebuhr 1932.

  53. 53.

    Wolfers 1962.

  54. 54.

    Aron 1966.

  55. 55.

    Morgenthau 1954b, 4.

  56. 56.

    Waltz 1979a, 65, 68.

  57. 57.

    Ashley 1986.

  58. 58.

    Walt 1987.

  59. 59.

    Van Evera 1999.

  60. 60.

    Krasner 1999.

  61. 61.

    Snyder 1991.

  62. 62.

    Jervis 1976.

  63. 63.

    Posen 1993.

  64. 64.

    Elman 2004.

  65. 65.

    Labs 1997.

  66. 66.

    Layne 2002.

  67. 67.

    It was Snyder 1991, 11–12, that first introduced the distinction between defensive realism and what he referred to as aggressive realism. Mearsheimer however preferred the term offensive realism for his brand of realism and this is the label most widely used in the literature.

  68. 68.

    Donnelly 2000, 63–64; Grieco 1988; Layne 2000, 106; Mastanduno 1997, 79 n. 13; Mearsheimer 2009a, 243; Waltz 1988b; Waltz 2008, 79.

  69. 69.

    Donnelly 2000, 63–64; Labs 1997; Layne 2000, 106; Mearsheimer 2010, 78.

  70. 70.

    Schweller 2003; Brooks and Wohlforth 2008; Christensen 1999; Zakaria 1998.

  71. 71.

    Rose 1998.

  72. 72.

    Lobell, Ripsman, and Taliaferro 2009, 4; Rathbun 2008, 307; Rose 1998, 146; Schweller 2003, 316.

  73. 73.

    Lobell, Ripsman, and Taliaferro 2009, 4; Rathbun 2008, 307; Rose 1998, 151–152, 168, 170; Schweller 2003, 316, 319; Wohlforth 1994, 107.

  74. 74.

    Rose 1998, 154.

  75. 75.

    Wohlforth 2012, 38–41.

  76. 76.

    Finnegan 1972, 9.

  77. 77.

    Jordan et al. 2009, 43.

  78. 78.

    Vasquez 1998, 36.

  79. 79.

    Maliniak, Peterson, and Tierney 2012, 49.

  80. 80.

    Wendt 1992; Wendt 1994; Wendt 1995; Wendt 1999; Wendt 2003; Wendt 2004.

  81. 81.

    Axelrod and Keohane 1985; Keohane 1975; Keohane 1984; Keohane 1986b; Keohane 1990.

  82. 82.

    Buzan, Jones, and Little 1993, 1; Donnelly 2000, 16; Vasquez 1998, 4.

  83. 83.

    Maliniak, Peterson, and Tierney 2012, 49.

  84. 84.

    Peterson, Tierney, and Maliniak 2005, 19.

  85. 85.

    Maliniak et al. 2007, 17; Jordan et al. 2009, 43.

  86. 86.

    Maliniak, Peterson, and Tierney 2012, 49.

  87. 87.

    Morgenthau 1954, 5; Morgenthau 1958a, 47–48.

  88. 88.

    Schmidt 2011, 90.

  89. 89.

    Waltz 1979, 73.

  90. 90.

    Donnelly 2000, 57; Engel and Olsen 2005, 1; Freyberg-Inan 2004, 73; Popolo 2011, 93.

  91. 91.

    Mearsheimer 2001, 9–10, 403–404 n. 5.

  92. 92.

    Tang 2010a, 3.

  93. 93.

    Iverson 2013, 36–37.

  94. 94.

    Crawford 2009, 272; Gross Stein 2013, 202; Holsti 2000, 119–120; Johnson 1996, 243.

  95. 95.

    Donnelly 2000, 118, 118 n. 20.

  96. 96.

    Weber 2010, 16. Also see, 22.

  97. 97.

    Weber 2001, 31.

  98. 98.

    Rø 2013, 45.

  99. 99.

    Brooks 1997, 449–450; Rø 2013, 45 Also see,; Dierauer 2013, 32; Schmidt 2013, 233–234; Schuett 2010, 77.

  100. 100.

    Rose 1998, 145.

  101. 101.

    Ibid.

  102. 102.

    Peterson, Tierney, and Maliniak 2005; Maliniak et al. 2007; Jordan et al. 2009; Maliniak, Peterson, and Tierney 2012.

  103. 103.

    Lobell, Ripsman, and Taliaferro 2009, 4.

  104. 104.

    Brooks 1997, 449–450; Craig 2004, 144; Dierauer 2013, 32; Jordan et al. 2009, 43; Maliniak et al. 2007, 17; Maliniak, Peterson, and Tierney 2012, 49; Mearsheimer 2001, 9–10, 22; Peterson, Tierney, and Maliniak 2005, 19; Rø 2013, 45; Schmidt 2013, 233–234; Schuett 2010, 77; Tang 2010a, 3.

  105. 105.

    Robin 2004, 1.

  106. 106.

    Hankiss 2001, 8–9.

  107. 107.

    Marks 1969; Seligman 1971; Öhman and Mineka 2001, 483.

  108. 108.

    Jackson 2006, 257.

  109. 109.

    Booth and Wheeler 2008, 62–63.

  110. 110.

    Jarymowicz and Bar-Tal 2006, 367–368.

  111. 111.

    Blight 1992, 8, 80, 83; Blight, Allyn, and Welch 2002, 51.

  112. 112.

    O’Driscoll 2008, 347.

  113. 113.

    Halperin et al. 2008, 234 Also see,; Crawford 2009, 277, 282.

  114. 114.

    Dumont et al. 2003, 1519 Also see,; Hall 2008, 20.

  115. 115.

    Gray 1987, 33–34.

  116. 116.

    Halperin, Sharvit, and Gross 2011 Also see,; Hall 2008, 18.

  117. 117.

    Lickel 2012, 92.

  118. 118.

    Jervis 2001.

  119. 119.

    Glaser 2010.

  120. 120.

    Lebow 2010.

  121. 121.

    Lebow 2008.

  122. 122.

    These discussions assume the existence of interaction between two or more actors.

  123. 123.

    Blight, Allyn, and Welch 2002, 8, 51, 80, 83, 96–97.

  124. 124.

    Pashakhanlou Forthcoming.

  125. 125.

    Krippendorff 2013, 106.

  126. 126.

    The use of this American-English thesaurus is particularly useful since all of the examined theorist were mainly based in the US at the time of their scholarly activities in IR and wrote their main works in the discipline in American-English.

  127. 127.

    Brosschot, Gerin, and Thayer 2006, 114; Cheung-Blunden and Blunden 2008, 127; Crawford 2000, 116, 122; Fein and Hilton 1994, 168–169; Fischer and Manstead 2010; Jackson 2006; Merriam-Webster 2013; Rathbun 2007, 533; Ross and Jang 2000, 406; Tang 2010b, 1, 1 nn. 1, 66; Öhman 2008, 709.

  128. 128.

    Finnegan 1972, 9.

  129. 129.

    Buzan, Jones, and Little 1993, 1; Donnelly 2000, 16; Vasquez 1998, 4.

  130. 130.

    Layne 2006, 17; Little 2007, 14; Wohlforth 2008, 132.

  131. 131.

    Mearsheimer 2001, 32, 42–43, 376, 195; Morgenthau 1948a, 8, 78–79; Waltz 1979, 42.

  132. 132.

    Weber 1990, 21.

  133. 133.

    At this point, it is important to emphasize that the distinction between the conceptual, theoretical, empirical and logical aspects of fear are not absolute and there are overlaps between them. That is particularly evident between the empirical and logical segments that are intimately connected to the theoretical discussions. That should however not distract from the differences of emphasis between these factors. In this investigation, a concept is understood as a notion consisting of different elements or characteristics. Theories as a set of interlinked concepts used to shed light on the phenomena of interest. The empirical data is made up of cases derived from experience or observation. Logic is defined as the use of valid and consistent reasoning. As these discussions illustrate, there are thus valid scholarly grounds from separating these factors. Doing so, also enhances the readability of the text and its presentation.

  134. 134.

    Cited in Robin 2004, 9.

  135. 135.

    Crawford 2000, 116, 118, 155; Rathbun 2007, 538.

  136. 136.

    Crawford 2000, 121, 272; Dierauer 2013, 32; Holsti 2000, 119–120; Schmidt 2013, 233–234; Tang 2010a, 452.

  137. 137.

    Donnelly 2000, 109, 118 nn. 20, 157; Freyberg-Inan 2004, 13, 99, 203 nn. 93, 204 94; Santoro 2010, 110.

  138. 138.

    Brooks 1997, 466; Grieco 1988, 487, 498–499, 499 nn. 61, 500 64; Tang 2008, 456, 467; Tang 2010a, 18, 69.

  139. 139.

    Brooks 1997, 449; Donnelly 2000, 118; Iverson 2013, 36–37; Rathbun 2007, 539, 540 nn. 5, 553–554; Weber 2001, 31.

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    Arash Heydarian Pashakhanlou

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Pashakhanlou, A.H. (2017). Realism and Fear in International Relations. In: Realism and Fear in International Relations . Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-41012-8_1

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