Skip to main content

Dovetailing Desires for Democracy with New ICTs’ Potentiality as Platform for Activism

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Digital Activism in the Social Media Era

Abstract

Mobile communication is increasingly playing a leading role in the mobilization of social and political protests around the world. There seem to be no known geographical boundaries for the digital revolution which the world is currently witnessing. From Chad to Chile, Mali to Myanmar, a new breed of digitally-based social initiatives have been gathering momentum for years, undoubtedly reinventing social activism as activists and ordinary people alike, eager to empower themselves politically and socially, embrace computers, mobile phones, and other web-based devices and technologies. With activists, mobile monitors, citizen journalists and digital story-tellers based in sub-Saharan Africa joining the fray, astutely bypassing hegemonic mass media gatekeepers by navigating through the online sphere to inspire collective political and social involvement across the continent, this highly contested discipline of research has attracted more attention than ever before. In spite of this attention, regionally in sub-Saharan Africa, there has been a shocking lack of empirical accounts detailing who is doing what, why, where, when and with what impact. It is this gap that this book hopes to fill.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Alshehri, T. (2016). Challenges of digital activism in Saudi Arabia: The case of Raif Badawi. http://depts.washington.edu/tatlab/socialjustice/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Alshehri-Challenges-of-Digital-Activism-in-Saudi-Arabia.pdf. Accessed 9 October 2016.

  • Anduiza, E., Cantijoch, M., & Gallego, A. (2009). Political participation and the Internet. Information, Communication & Society, 12(6), 860–878.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ayres, J.M. (1999). From the streets to the Internet: The cyber-diffusion of contention. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 566, 132–143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Banda, F. (2010). Citizen journalism and democracy in Africa: An exploratory study. Grahamstown: Highway Africa.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beardon, H. (2004). ICT for development: Empowerment or exploitation?. London: ActionAid.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bertel, T.F., & Stald, G.B. (2013). From SMS to SNS: The use of the Internet on the mobile phone among young Danes. In K. M. Cumiskey, and L. Hjorth, (Eds.), Mobile media practices, presence and politics: The challenge of being seamlessly mobile (pp. 198–213). New York: Routledge

    Google Scholar 

  • Best, M.L., & Wade, K.W. (2009). The Internet and democracy: Global catalyst or democratic dud?. Bulletin of Science, Technology & Society, 9, 255–271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boas, T.C., Zysman, J., & Newman, A. (2006). Weaving the authoritarian web: The control of Internet use in non-democratic regimes. In J. Zysman and A. Newman (Eds.), How revolutionary was the revolution? National responses, market transitions, and global technology in the digital era. Stanford, CA: Stanford Business Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Breuer, A., Landman, T., & Farquhar, D. (2014). Social media and protest mobilization: Evidence from the Tunisian revolution. Democratization, 22(4), 764–792.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cammaerts, B. (2012). Protest logics and the mediation opportunity structure. European Journal of Communication, 27(2), 117–134.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cardoso, G., & Pereira Neto, P. (2004). Mass media driven mobilization and online protest: ICTs and the pro-East Timor movement in Portugal. In W. Van De Donk, B. D. Loader, P. G. Nixon, and D. Rucht (Eds.), Cyberprotest: New media, citizens and social movements (pp. 147–163). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castells, M. (1997). The rise of the network society. The information age: Economy, society and culture (Vol. 1). Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castells, M. (2001). The Internet galaxy: Reflections on the Internet, business and society. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Castells, M. (2003). The Internet galaxy: Reflections on the Internet. Oxford: Business, and Society Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castells, M. (2009). Communication power. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castells, M. (2012). Networks of outrage and hope: Social movements in the Internet age. Cambridge, MA: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chuma, W. (2006). The limits and possibilities of virtual political communication in transforming South Africa: A case study of ANC Today and SA Today. Intercultural Communication Studies, XV, 176–184.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dahlberg, L. (2004). Net-Public sphere research: Beyond the “First Phase”. Javnost Ljubljana, 11(1), 27–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Der Vlies, V. (2012). Van Der Vlies, Andrew, art as archive: Queer activism and contemporary South African visual cultures. Kunapipi, 34(1), 64–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Earl, J., & Kimport, K. (2011). Digitally enabled social change. Activism in the Internet age. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ekine, S. (2010). SMS uprising: Mobile phone activism in Africa. Cape Town: Pambazuka Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ellison, N.B., Steinfield, C., & Lampe, C. (2007). The benefits of Facebook “friends:”Social Capital and college students’ use of online social network sites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12, 1143–1168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eltantawy, N. (2013). From veiling to blogging: Women and media in the Middle East. Feminist Media Studies, 13(5), 765–769.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Esaiasson, P., & Westholm, A. (2006). Deltagandets mekanismer. In P. Esaiasson, & A. Westholm (Eds.), Deltagandets mekanismer: Det politiska engagemangets orsaker och konsekven- ser. Malmo: Liber.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fine, D., & Nicol, J. (1995). The lavender lobby: Working for lesbian and gay rights within the liberation movement. In E. Cameron and M. Gevisser (Eds.), Defiant desire: Gay and lesbian lives in South Africa (pp. 269–277). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fraser, N. (1992). Rethinking the public sphere: A contribution to the critique of actually existing democracy. In C. Calhoun (Ed.), Habermas and the public sphere. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuchs, C. (2014). Social media: A critical introduction. London: Sage.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Fuchs, C., Boersma, K., Albrechtslund, A., & Sandoval, M. (Eds.). (2011). Internet and surveillance: The challenges of web 2.0 and social media. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallagher, D.F. (2009, July 9). A blog’s story gets a tweek in “Julie & Julia.” New York Times.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graham, S. (2000). Constructing premium network spaces: Reflections on infrastructure network and contemporary urban development. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 24(1), 183–200.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gutstein, D. (1999). E.con: How the Internet undermines democracy. Toronto, ON: Stoddart.

    Google Scholar 

  • Habermas, J. (1962). The structural transformation of the public sphere: An inquiry into a category of bourgeois society. Cambridge: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, D., Shneiderman, B., & Smith, M.A. (2011). Analyzing social media networks with node XL: Insights from a connected world. Burlington, MA: Morgan Kaufmann.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hara, N. (2008). The Internet use for political mobilization: Voices of the participants. First Monday, 13(7). http://www.uic.edu/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2123/1976. Accessed 9 October 2016.

  • Harlow, S. (2011). Social media and social movements: Facebook and an online Guatemalan justice movement that moved offline. New Media & Society, 14(2), 225–243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Howard, P. & Hussain, M. (2013). Democracy’s fourth wave?: Digital media and the Arab Spring. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Jansen, F. (2010). Digital activism in the Middle East: Mapping issue networks in Egypt, Iran, Syria and Tunisia. Knowledge Management for Development Journal, 6(1), 37–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Joyce, M.C. (Ed.). (2010). Digital activism decoded: The new mechanics of change. New York: International Debate Education Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Juris, J.S. (2005). The new digital media and activist networking within anti-corporate globalization movements. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 597(1), 189–208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kahn, R., & Kellner, D. (2004). New media and Internet activism: From the “Battle of Seattle” to blogging. New Media & Society, 6(1), 87–95.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kampf, C. E. (2010). Extending sociotechnical design to project conception: Knowledge communication processes for situating technology. In Information Resources Management: Concepts, Methodologies, Tools and Applications (pp. 868–882). IGI global: Hershey, PA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karpf, D. (2010). Online political mobilization from the advocacy group’s perspective: Looking beyond clicktivism. Policy and Internet, 2(4), 7–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kedzie, C. (1997). Communication and democracy: Coincident revolutions and the emergent dictator’s dilemma. Unpublished Ph.D. diss., RAND Graduate School.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kennedy, B. (2001). Homosexuals in the periphery: Gay and lesbian rights in developing Africa. Nebraska Anthropologist, Paper 21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klopp, J., & Orina, J. (2002). University crisis, student activism, and the contemporary struggle for democracy in Kenya. African Studies Review, 45(1), 43–76.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larmer, M. (2015). Historicising activism in late colonial and post- colonial Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Historical Sociology, 28(1), 67–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leizerov, S. (2000). Privacy advocacy groups versus Intel: A case study of how social movements are tactically using the Internet to fight corporations. Social Science Computer Review, 18(4), 461–483.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lerner, D. (1958). The passing of traditional society. New York: The Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, D., Hussen, T.S., & Van Vuuren, M. (2013). Exploring new media technologies among young South African women. African Femnist, 18, 43–64.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lievrouw, L. A. (2011). Alternative and activist new media. Malden, MA: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mabweazara, H.M. (2011). Between the newsroom and the pub: The mobile phone in the dynamics of everyday mainstream journalism practice in Zimbabwe. Journalism: Theory, Practice and Criticism, 12(6), 692–707.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mabweazara, H.M., Okoth, F.M., & Whittaker, J. (Eds.). (2013). Online journalism in Africa: Trends, practices and emerging cultures. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mano, W. (2010). Between vigilante and citizen journalism: ZimDaily’s FairDeal campaing and the Zimbabwe crisis. Communicare. Journal for the Communication Sciences in Southern Africa, 29, 57–70.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mare, A. (2013). A complicated but symbiotic affair: The relationship between mainstream media and social media in the coverage of social protests in southern Africa. Ecquid Novi: African Journalism Studies, 34(1), 83–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marichal, J. (2010). Political facebook groups: Micro-activism and the digital front stage. https://thesocietypages.org/thickculture/2010/10/11/facebook-does-not-promote-activism-so-what/. Accessed 10 October 2016.

  • Mbali, M. (2013). South African AIDS activism and global health politics. Basingstoke: Palgrave.

    Google Scholar 

  • McAdam, D. (1996). Conceptual origins, current problems, future directions. In D. McAdam, J. D. McCarthy and M. N. Zald (Eds.), Comparative perspectives on social movements: political opportunities, mobilizing structures, and cultural framings (pp. 23–40). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • McAdam, D., McCarthy, J.D. & Zald, M.N. (1996). Comparative perspectives on social movements: Political opportunities, mobilizing structures, and cultural framings. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • McCafferty, D. (2011). Activism vs. slacktivism. Communications of the ACM, 54(12), 17–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy, J.D. (1996). Constraints and opportunities in adopting, adapting, and inventing. In D. McAdam, J. D. McCarthy, and M. N. Zald (Eds.), Comparative perspectives on social movements: Political opportunities, mobilizing structures, and cultural framings (pp. 141–151). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • McLeod, D.M., & Hertog, J.K. (1999). Social control, social change and the mass media‟s role in the regulation of protest groups. In D. Demers & K. Viswanath (Eds.), Mass media, social control and social change: A macrosocial perspective (pp. 305–330). Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • McPhail, C., Schweingruber, D., & McCarthy, J. (1998). Policing protest in the United States: 1960–1995. In D. D. Porta and H. Reiter (Eds.), Policing protest: The control of mass demonstrations in western democracies: Social movements, protest, and contention. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore R.K. (1999). Democracy and cyberspace. In B.N. Hague and B.D. Loader (Eds.), Digital democracy: Discourse and decision making in the information age. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morozov, E. (2009). Downside to the Twitter revolution. Dissent, 56(4), 10–14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moyo, D. (2009). Citizen journalism and the parallel market of information in Zimbabwe’s 2008 election. Journalism Studies, 10(4), 551–567.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moyo, L. (2011). Blogging down a dictatorship: Human rights, citizens journalists and the right to communicate in Zimbabwe. Journalism: Theory, Practice and Criticism, 12(6), 745–760.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mudhai, O.F. (2004). Researching the impact of ICTs as change catalysts in Africa. Ecquid Novi: African Journalism Studies, 25(2), 313–335.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mudhai, O.F. (2013). Civic engagement, digital networks, and political reform in Africa. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mutsvairo, B. & Harris, S. (2016). Rethinking mobile media tactics in protests: A comparative case study of Hong Kong and Malawi. In R. Wei (Ed.), Mobile media, civic engagement and civic activism in Asia: Private chat to public communication (pp. 215–231). Springer: Dordrecht.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mutsvairo, B. (2015). Perspectives on participatory politics and citizen journalism in a networked Africa: A connected continent. London: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Myers, J.D. (1994). Communication technology and social movements: Contributions of computer networks to activism. Social Science Computer Review, 12, 251–260.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Naim, M. (2007). The YouTube effect. Foreign Policy, 158, 104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakaweesi-Kimbugwe, S., & Chigudu, H. (2013). The LGBTIQ and sex worker movements in East Africa. Brighton: BRIDGE, IDS.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakaweesi-Kimbugwe, S., & Mugisha, F. (2009). ‘Bahati’s bill: A convenient distraction for Uganda’s Government. Pambazuka News, p. 453.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naughton, J. (2011, Sunday January 23) Yet another Facebook revolution: Why are we so surprised?, The Guardian, The Observer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ndlela, M.N. (2009). Alternative media and the political public sphere in Zimbabwe. In K. Howley (Ed.), Understanding community media. London: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neumayer, C., & Raffl, C. (2008). Facebook for global protest: The potential and limits of social software for grassroots activism. In Proceedings of the 5th Prato community informatics & development informatics conference 2008: ICTs for social inclusion: What is the reality?.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nilan, P. & Feixa, C. (2006). Global youth? Hybrid identities, plural worlds. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Norris, P. (2001). Digital divide: Civic Engagement, Information Poverty, and the Internet Worldwide. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Obadare, E. (2005). The GSM boycott: Civil society, big business and the state in Nigeria. Civil Society Working Paper series, 23, Center for Civil Society, London School of Economics and Political Science.

    Google Scholar 

  • Obar, J. A. (2014). Canadian advocacy 2.0: Social media adoption and perceived affordances by advocacy groups looking to advance activism in Canada. Canadian Journal of Communication, 39, 211–233. http://www.cjc-online.ca/index.php/journal/article/viewFile/2678/2447. Accessed 9 October 2016.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Obar, J.A., Zube, P., & Lampe, C. (2012). Advocacy 2.0: An analysis of how advocacy groups in the United States perceive and use social media as tools for facilitating civic engagement and collective action. Journal of Information Policy, 2, 1–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paterson, C. (2013). Editorial note: Journalism and social media in the African context. Ecquid Novi: African Journalism Studies, 34(1), 1–16.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Payne, C. (1995). I’ve got the light of freedom: The organizing tradition and the mississippi freedom struggle. Los Angeles: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pleyers, G. (2011). Alter-globalization: Becoming actors in the global age. Cambridge: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polletta, F. (2002). Freedom is an endless meeting. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Quansah, E.K., & Fombad, C.M. (2009) ‘Judicial activism in Africa: Possible defence against authoritarian resurgence?’ http://ancl-radc.org.za/sites/default/files/Judicial%20Activism%20in%20Africa.pdf. Accessed 6 September 2015.

  • Reilly, P. (2003). Civil society, the Internet and terrorism: Two case studies from Northern Ireland. Paper prepared for the European Consortium for Political Research Joint Sessions of Workshops, Edinburgh.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reingold, H. (2002). Smart mobs: The next social revolution. Cambridge, MA: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ribeiro, G.L. (1998). Cybercultural politics: Political activism at a distance in a transnational world. In S. E. Alvarez, E. Dagnino, and A. Escobar (Eds.), Cultures of politics, politics of cultures: Re-visioning Latin American social movements (pp. 325–352). Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rolfe, B. (2005). Building an electronic repertoire of contention. Social Movement Studies, 4(1), 65–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sciadas, G. (2003). Monitoring the digital divide…and beyond. Montreal: Orbicom.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sciadas, G. (Ed). (2005). From the digital divide to digital opportunities: Measuring infostates for development. Montreal: Orbicom.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, A., & Street, J. (2000). From media politics to e-protest. Information, Communication and Society, 3(2), 215–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Segerberg, A., & Lance Bennett, W. (2011). Social media and the organization of collective action: Using Twitter to explore the ecologies of two climate change protests. The Communication Review, 14, 197–215. http://research.fit.edu/sealevelriselibrary/documents/doc_mgr/921/Segerberg_&_Bennett_2011_Twitter_to_explore_ecologies_of_CC_protests.pdf. Accessed 9 October 2016.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shirky, C. (2008). Here comes everybody: The power of organizing without organizations. New York City: Penguin Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shirky, C. (2010). Cognitive surplus: Creativity and generosity in a connected age. London: Penguin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shirky, C. (2011). The political power of social media. Foreign Affairs, 90(1), 1–9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skjerdal, T. (2014). Online journalism under pressure: An Ethiopian account. In H. M. Mabweazara, O. F. Mudhai, and J. Whittaker (Eds.), Online journalism in Africa: Trends, practices, and emerging cultures (pp. 89‒104). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sunstein, C. (2003). Why societies need dissent. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Surman, M., & Reilly, K. (2003). Appropriating the internet for social change: Towards the strategic use of networked technologies by transnational civil society organizations. Social Sciences Research Council. http://marksurman.commons.ca/wpcontent/uploads/sites/2/Surman_2003_Appropriating_Internet_Social_Change.pdf. Accessed 10 October 2016.

  • Tracy, K. (2002). Everyday talk. New York: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Trigg, R.H. (2000). From sand box to “fund box”: Weaving participatory design into the fabric of a busy non-profit. Proc. of PDC, 174–183.

    Google Scholar 

  • Valenzuela, S. (2013). Unpacking the use of social media for protest behavior: The roles of information. Opinion Expression, and Activism. American Behavioral Scientist, 57(7), 920–942.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van De Donk, W., Loader, B.D., Nixon, P.G., & Rucht, D. (2004). Introduction: Social movements and ICTS. In W. Van De Donk, B. D. Loader, P. G. Nixon, and D. Rucht (Eds.), Cyberprotest: New media, citizens and social movements (pp. 1–25). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Dijk, J. (2005). The deepening divide: Inequality in the information society. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Dijk, J. (2006). The network society (2nd edn). London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Laer, J., & Van Aelst, P. (2009). Cyber-protest and civil society: The Internet and action repertoires in social movements. http://uahost.uantwerpen.be/m2p/publications/1260489691.pdf. Accessed 10 September 2015.

  • Vegh, S. (2003). Classifying forms of online activism: The case of cyberprotests against the World Bank. In M. McCaughey and M. D. Ayers (Eds.), Cyberactivism: Online activism in theory and practice (pp. 71–95). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vowles, J. (1995). Electoral participation. In J. Vowles, P. Aimer, H. Catt, J. Lamane, and R. Miller (Eds.), Towards consensus. Auckland: Auckland University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walgrave, N.S., & Van Aelst, P. (2005). Who demonstrates? Anti- state rebels, conventional participants, or everyone?. Comparative Politics, 37(2), 189–205.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wasserman, H. (2011). Mobile phones, popular media and everyday African democracy: Transmissions and transgressions. Popular Communication, 9, 1–13.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wasserman, H. (Ed). (2010). Popular media, democracy and development in Africa. Oxford and New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilhelm, A.G. (1999). Virtual sounding boards: How deliberative is online political discussion? In Hague, B.N. and Loader B.D. (Eds.), Digital democracy. Discourse and decision making in the information age (pp. 154–179). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Willems, W. (2010). At the crossroads of the formal and popular: Convergence culture and new publics in Zimbabwe. In H. Wasserman (Ed.), Popular media, democracy and development in Africa (pp. 46–62). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolfsfeld, G., Segev, E., and Sheafer, T. (2013). Social media and the Arab spring: Politics comes first. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 18(2), 115–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, G. (2009). The power of the Internet in China: Citizen activism online. New York: Columbia University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang, G. (2016). Narrative Agency in Hashtag Activism: The Case of #BlackLivesMatter. Media and Communication, 4(4), 13–17.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zald, M.N. (1996). Culture, ideology, and strategic framing. In D. McAdam, J.D. McCarthy & M.N. Zald (Eds.), Comparative perspectives on social movements: Political opportunities, mobilizing structures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zittrain, J. (2008). The future of the Internet—And how to stop it. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zunes, S., Kurtz, L., & Asher, S. (Eds.). (1999). Nonviolent social movements: A geographical perspective. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Bruce Mutsvairo .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Mutsvairo, B. (2016). Dovetailing Desires for Democracy with New ICTs’ Potentiality as Platform for Activism. In: Mutsvairo, B. (eds) Digital Activism in the Social Media Era. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40949-8_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics