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Women, Food Exchange, and Governance in Early Modern England pp 103–138Cite as

Palgrave Macmillan

Prayerful Dining: The Diary of Margaret Hoby

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Part of the book series: Early Modern Literature in History ((EMLH))

Abstract

This chapter begins by considering the close rhetorical relationship between praying and dining in Margaret, Lady Hoby’s manuscript diary, suggesting that these acts should be understood as two halves of a whole. Hoby’s careful recording of when she eats and how she governs food production on her estate at Hackness confirms her food practices as vital to maintaining a personal relationship with God and thereby accruing spiritual and regional authority for her Puritan household. Yet she also documents episodes of commensality that reveal the connection between the dynamics of the table and the formation of religious and political relationships. Whether refusing Catholic rivals a place at her table, or gathering her spiritual community during a time of plague, Hoby indicates that dining has private and public ramifications that shape regional and household bonds and distinctions, just as they shape the self.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Desiderius Erasmus, ‘The Godly Feast’, in The Colloquies of Erasmus, tr. Craig R. Thompson (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1965), pp. 48–9 (Erasmus 1965).

  2. 2.

    Erasmus, ‘Godly Feast’, pp. 59–62.

  3. 3.

    Erasmus, ‘Godly Feast’, p. 71. The passage they discuss is Matthew 6:24–5 (see p. 72, fn. 1).

  4. 4.

    Erasmus, ‘Godly Feast’, p. 74.

  5. 5.

    Erasmus, ‘Godly Feast’, p. 55.

  6. 6.

    Mary Ellen Lamb, ‘Margaret Hoby’s Diary: Women’s Reading Practices and the Gendering of the Reformation Subject’, in Pilgrimage for Love: Essays in Early Modern Literature in Honor of Josephine A. Roberts, ed. Sigrid King (Tempe, AZ: ACMRS, 1999), p. 64 (Lamb 1999). See also Andrew Cambers, ‘Reading, the Godly, and Self-Writing in England, circa 1580–1720’, Journal of British Studies 46.4 (2007): 798 (Cambers 2007).

  7. 7.

    I primarily use Dorothy M. Meads’s edition: Margaret, Lady Hoby, Diary of Lady Margaret Hoby 1599 – 1605, ed. Meads (London: George Routledge & Sons, 1930), pp. 67, 70. Further citations will be provided parenthetically (Hoby 1930).

  8. 8.

    Michelle M. Dowd alerts us to this slippage, visible only in the manuscript, in Women’s Work in Early Modern English Literature and Culture (Houndmills and New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), p. 103 (Dowd 2009). See Margaret Hoby, Diary of Lady Margaret Hoby, 1599–1605, Egerton MS 2614, British Library, London,  fol. 37 r.

  9. 9.

    For further discussion of the rhetorical relationship between housework more generally and Hoby’s faith see Dowd, Women’s Work, ch. 3, pp. 98–106.

  10. 10.

    See David B. Goldstein for an extensive discussion of eating in relation to concepts of Eucharistic commensality in Eating and Ethics in Shakespeare’s England (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2013) (Goldstein 2013).

  11. 11.

    Meads, ‘Introduction’, in Diary of Lady Margaret Hoby, p. 5. Biographical information comes from Meads, ‘Introduction’, pp. 1–61; and Julie Crawford, Mediatrix: Women, Politics, and Literary Production in Early Modern England (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), ch. 2 (Crawford 2014).

  12. 12.

    Crawford, Mediatrix, p. 88.

  13. 13.

    Despite Margaret’s request that a portion of the property be sold, and that the money be distributed to her relatives, Thomas substantially reneged on this agreement and left the property to his cousin John Sydenham on his death (Meads, ‘Introduction’, pp. 43–5).

  14. 14.

    Andrew Cambers, ‘Readers’ Marks and Religious Practice: Margaret Hoby’s Marginalia’, in Tudor Books and Readers: Materiality and the Construction of Meaning, ed. John N. King (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), p. 212 (Cambers 2010); Crawford, Mediatrix, pp. 92–3.

  15. 15.

    Felicity Heal, ‘Reputation and Honour in Court and Country: Lady Elizabeth Russell and Sir Thomas Hoby’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Sixth Ser. 6 (1996): 170–1 (Heal 1996); this sentiment is echoed by Cambers in ‘Readers’ Marks’, pp. 212–13.

  16. 16.

    Crawford, Mediatrix, pp. 92–3. Manor courts, run by the owner of the manor, dealt with local business having to do with land and what Meads calls ‘smaller police matters’ (Meads, Diary, pp. 280–1 n. 487).

  17. 17.

    Mary Ellen Lamb, ‘The Sociality of Margaret Hoby’s Reading Practices and the Representation of Reformation Interiority’, Critical Survey 12.2 (2000): 17–32 (Lamb 2000); Lamb, ‘Margaret Hoby’s Diary’, pp. 63–94.

  18. 18.

    Crawford, Mediatrix, p. 89.

  19. 19.

    See Lamb’s list of Hoby’s books and authors, ‘Margaret Hoby’s Diary’, pp. 87–91.

  20. 20.

    Crawford, Mediatrix, ch. 2. For further discussion of the Hobys’ political circle, see also Pauline Croft, ‘Capital Life: Members of Parliament Outside the House’, in Politics, Religion and Popularity in Early Stuart Britain: Essays in Honour of Conrad Russell, ed. Thomas Cogswell, Richard Cust, and Peter Lake (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002), pp. 68–73 (Croft 2002).

  21. 21.

    Crawford, Mediatrix, p. 2.

  22. 22.

    Crawford, Mediatrix, p. 101.

  23. 23.

    Nancy G. Siraisi, Medieval and Early Renaissance Medicine: An Introduction to Knowledge and Practice (Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press, 1990), p. 103 (Siraisi 1990). Siraisi provides a detailed and succinct description of Galenic physiology, see pp. 101–9.

  24. 24.

    Ken Albala, Eating Right in the Renaissance (Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 2002), p. 54 (Albala 2002).

  25. 25.

    Albala, Eating Right, p. 63.

  26. 26.

    See Albala, Eating Right for a historical overview of English and European dietaries during the fifteenth to seventeenth centuries, ch. 1, pp. 14–47. Joan Fitzpatrick, Food in Shakespeare: Early Modern Dietaries and the Plays (Aldershot and Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2007) draws extensively on the dietaries in her examination of Shakespeare’s dramatic works (Fitzpatrick 2007).

  27. 27.

    Thomas Elyot, The Castell of Health (London, 1595), sig. B2 v (Elyot 1595).

  28. 28.

    Elyot, Castell, sig. C1 v.

  29. 29.

    Elyot, Castell, sig. E3 r.

  30. 30.

    I refer to Michael R. Best’s modern edition: Gervase Markham, The English Housewife, ed. Best (Kingston and Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1986) (Markham 1986). Although Best reproduces the title page of the 1615 edition, he uses the 1631 edition as a copy-text, which comes with considerable additions. See pp. liv–lvi for a discussion of the text.

  31. 31.

    Markham, English Housewife, p. 1 (title page).

  32. 32.

    Markham, English Housewife, pp. 7, 5.

  33. 33.

    Andrew Boorde, Here Followeth a Compendious Regiment, or Dietarie of Health (London, 1576), sig. A7 r (Boorde 1576). The pristine air of the country, he claims, ‘doth comforte the brayne, and the powers, naturall, anymall, and spirituall, ingendringe and making good blood, in the which consysteth the life of man’.

  34. 34.

    Markham, English Housewife, pp. 7–8, 5, 7.

  35. 35.

    Markham, English Housewife, p. 8.

  36. 36.

    See Michael C. Schoenfeldt’s discussions of Herbert’s interest in temperate ingestion in Bodies and Selves in Early Modern England: Physiology and Inwardness in Spenser, Shakespeare, Herbert and Milton (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999), ch. 4 (Schoenfeldt 1999).

  37. 37.

    George Herbert, ‘A Priest to the Temple or, The Country Parson his Character, and Rule of Holy Life,’ in The Complete English Poems, ed. John Tobin (London: Penguin, 1991, 2004), p. 217 (Herbert 2004 [1991]).

  38. 38.

    Herbert, ‘Country Parson’, p. 236.

  39. 39.

    Timothy Bright, A Treatise: wherein is declared the sufficiencie of English Medicines, for cure of all diseases, cured with Medicine (London, 1580), p. 23 (Bright 1580).

  40. 40.

    For discussion of the particular needs of an English physiology, see Bright, A Treatise, and William Harrison, The Description of England: The Classic Contemporary Account of Tudor Social Life, ed. Georges Edelen (Washington and New York: Folger Shakespeare Library and Dover, 1968, 1994), pp. 123–4 (Harrison 1994).

  41. 41.

    Herbert, ‘Country Parson’, pp. 215–7.

  42. 42.

    Markham, English Housewife, p. 7.

  43. 43.

    David Harley, ‘Spiritual Physic, Providence and English Medicine, 1560–1640’, Medicine and the Reformation, ed. Ole Peter Grell and Andrew Cunningham (London and New York: Routledge, 1993), p. 101 (Harley 1993).

  44. 44.

    William Vaughan, Directions for Health, Naturall and Artificall (London, 1626), p. 2 (Vaughan 1626).

  45. 45.

    Vaughan, Directions, p. 62.

  46. 46.

    Vaughan, Directions, p. 142.

  47. 47.

    Thomas Cogan, The Haven of Health (London, 1596), sig. ¶2 v (Cogan 1596).

  48. 48.

    ‘An Homilie Against Gluttony and Drunkennesse’, Certaine Sermons or Homilies, Appointed to be Read in Churches…Two volumes in one (Gainesville: Scholars’ Facsimilies & Reprints, 1968), 2.98 (Certaine Sermons or Homilies 1968).

  49. 49.

    ‘Homilie Against Gluttony’, 2.100–1.

  50. 50.

    ‘Homilie Against Gluttony’, 2.96.

  51. 51.

    ‘An Homilie of the worthy receiuing and reuerend esteeming of the Sacrament of the body and blood of Christ’, 2.198–99.

  52. 52.

    ‘An Homilie…of the Sacrament’, 2.200, 197.

  53. 53.

    ‘The second part of the Homilie…of the Sacrament’, 2.203.

  54. 54.

    ‘An Homilie…of the Sacrament’, 2.200–1.

  55. 55.

    On the spiritualized household, see Christopher Hill, Society and Puritanism in Pre-Revolutionary England (New York: Schocken, 1964), ch. 13 (Hill 1964); and Diane Willen, ‘Godly Women in Early Modern England: Puritanism and Gender’, Journal of Ecclesiastical History 43.4 (1992): 561–80 (Willen 1992). For biblical references to the house-church, see for example 1 Corinthians 16:19: ‘Aquila and Priscilla salute you much in the Lord, with the church that is in their house’, The Bible: Authorized King James Version, introduction and notes by Robert Carroll and Stephen Prickett (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1997) (The Bible 1997).

  56. 56.

    Elisabeth Schüssler Fiorenza, In Memory of Her: A Feminist Theological Reconstruction of Christian Origins (New York: Crossroad, 1983), pp. 175–6 (Fiorenza 1983). Also see Randall Martin, ‘Paulina, Corinthian Women, and the Revisioning of Pauline and Early Modern Patriarchal Ideology in The Winter’s Tale’, in Shakespeare, the Bible, and the Form of the Book: Contested Scriptures, ed. Travis DeCook and Alan Galey (New York and London: Routledge, 2012), pp. 68–9 (Martin 2012).

  57. 57.

    See Willen, ‘Godly Women’, esp. pp. 568–77.

  58. 58.

    Crawford, Mediatrix, pp. 118–9.

  59. 59.

    James Heywood Markland, ‘Instructions by Henry Percy, ninth Earl of Northumberland, to his son Algernon Percy, touching the management of his Estate, Officers, &c. written during his confinement in the Tower’, Archaeologia 27 (1838): 341 (Markland 1838).

  60. 60.

    As Meads and Crawford point out, Hoby is careful to indicate that she has her own workmen, distinct from her husband’s: Meads, Diary, p. 260 n. 300, p. 265 n. 348; Crawford, Mediatrix, p. 93.

  61. 61.

    Crawford, Mediatrix, p. 96.

  62. 62.

    Markham, English Housewife, p. 121.

  63. 63.

    Thomas Tusser, A hundreth good pointes of Husbandry, lately maried vnto a Hundreth good poyntes of Huswifery (London, 1570) (Tusser 1570); and Fiue hundred pointes of good Husbandrie…mixed in euerie Month with Huswiferie, ouer and besides the booke of Huswiferie, corrected, better ordered, and newly augmented to a fourth part more (London, 1580).

  64. 64.

    Erasmus, ‘Godly Feast’, p. 74.

  65. 65.

    Tusser, A hundreth, sig. B1 v.

  66. 66.

    Tusser, A hundreth, sigs. G3 v–G4 r, H1 r–I3 v.

  67. 67.

    Tusser, A hundreth, sig. G3 v.

  68. 68.

    Tusser, Fiue hundred, sig. R4 r.

  69. 69.

    Tusser, A hundredth, sig. H1 v. The classic book of carving instructions for great houses is The boke of keruynge (London, 1508).

  70. 70.

    Markland, ‘Instructions by Henry Percy’, pp. 339, 340. Markland adds the footnote, ‘Our ancestors most discourteously threw the labour of carving upon females’ (340 n. u).

  71. 71.

    Tusser, A hundredth, sig. H1 v.

  72. 72.

    Tusser, A hundredth, sig. I2 r.

  73. 73.

    Tusser, A hundredth, sig. I2 v.

  74. 74.

    Tusser, A hundredth, sig. I3 r.

  75. 75.

    Erasmus, ‘Godly Feast’, p. 55.

  76. 76.

    Joanna Moody reproduces documents pertaining to the eventual Star Chamber suit laid by Thomas Hoby against the Eure family to gain redress for the ‘misdemeanour’ (239) he experienced at the hands of the two Williams, in ‘Appendix 2’, in The Private Life of an Elizabethan Lady: The Diary of Lady Margaret Hoby 1599–1605 (Phoenix Mill: Sutton, 1998), pp. 239–45 (Hoby 1998). See also Calendar of the Manuscripts of the Most Honourable the Marquis of Salisbury, Parts 10–12 (London: Mackie and Co., 1902; Dublin: John Falconer, 1906), pp. 10.302–4, 325, 391–2, 11.11–12, 456, 546, 12.32, 105 (Calendar of the Manuscripts 1906).

  77. 77.

    Meads, Diary, pp. 269–72, n. 368; Crawford, Mediatrix, pp. 95–6; Heal, ‘Reputation’, pp. 161–78; G.C.F. Forster, ‘Faction and County Government in Early Stuart Yorkshire’, Northern History 11 (1976): 70–86 (Forster 1976).

  78. 78.

    Heal, ‘Reputation’, p. 169.

  79. 79.

    Moody, Diary, pp. 240–1.

  80. 80.

    Moody, Diary, pp. 240, 242–3.

  81. 81.

    Moody, Diary, p. 241.

  82. 82.

    Moody, Diary, p. 243.

  83. 83.

    Felicity Heal, Hospitality in Early Modern England (Oxford: Clarendon, 1990), p. 20, and esp. chs. 1 and 2 (Heal 1990).

  84. 84.

    William Vaughan, The Golden-groue, moralized in three Bookes: A worke very necessary for all such, as would know how to gouerne themselues, their houses, or their countrey (London, 1608), sig. P6 r (Vaughan 1608).

  85. 85.

    Jacques Derrida, Of Hospitality: Anne Dufourmantelle Invites Jacques Derrida to Respond, tr. Rachel Bowlby (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000), p. 45 (Derrida 2000).

  86. 86.

    Derrida, Of Hospitality, p. 15.

  87. 87.

    Heal, ‘Reputation’, p. 170.

  88. 88.

    Heal ‘Reputation’, pp. 171–2.

  89. 89.

    Heal, ‘Reputation’, p. 172.

  90. 90.

    Heal, ‘Reputation’, p. 170.

  91. 91.

    Hoby, Egerton MS 2614, fol. 52 r.

  92. 92.

    See Dowd’s discussion of the effects of editorial punctuation on Hoby’s minimally punctuated diary, Women’s Work, pp. 101–2.

  93. 93.

    Crawford, Mediatrix, p. 115; Croft, ‘Capital Life’, pp. 69–73.

  94. 94.

    Meads, Diary, 285 n. 561.

  95. 95.

    James I, By the King. At our first entrance into this our realme (London, 1603) (James 1603).

  96. 96.

    Meads, ‘Introduction’, p. 45.

  97. 97.

    Meads, Diary, p. 286, n. 568.

  98. 98.

    ‘An Homilie of Good Workes. And first of Fasting’, in Certaine Sermons or Homilies, 2.82.

  99. 99.

    ‘An Homilie of…Fasting’, 2.87.

  100. 100.

    Meads, Diary, 286 n.568.

  101. 101.

    Steve Hindle, ‘Dearth, Fasting and Alms: The Campaign for General Hospitality in Late Elizabethan England’, Past and Present 172 (2001): 45 (Hindle 2001).

  102. 102.

    Vaughan, Golden-groue, sig. Q4 r.

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    Madeline Bassnett

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Bassnett, M. (2016). Prayerful Dining: The Diary of Margaret Hoby. In: Women, Food Exchange, and Governance in Early Modern England . Early Modern Literature in History. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40868-2_4

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