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Rethinking the Irish Diaspora pp 15–57Cite as

Palgrave Macmillan

Diaspora Engagement in Ireland, North and South, in the Shadow of Brexit

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Part of the book series: Migration, Diasporas and Citizenship ((MDC))

Abstract

This chapter provides an overview of the state of the current diaspora engagement policy in Ireland, North and South. In this new era of Brexit negotiations, emigrants and the diaspora will no doubt want a say in the future of Ireland and Northern Ireland. How might diaspora engagement efforts, as evidenced by the Irish government’s recent diaspora strategy, factor into the development of potential new frameworks for North-South trade, cooperation and the pursuit of peace? Will neoliberal economic policies geared towards the economic “rescue” of the state continue to dominate diaspora engagement in a post-Brexit scenario and force key North-South constitutional issues onto the table rather sooner than might otherwise have been the case?

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Notes

  1. 1.

    “EU referendum: Cameron sets June date for UK vote”, BBC News, 20 Feb. 2016. Due to considerations of space, web addresses for news media sources have not been included here as they can be easily located on the internet.

  2. 2.

    The negotiations were led by Joe Devlin, the popular journalist and politician, and the Convention vote divided Nationalists.

  3. 3.

    Exactly two years prior to that event, on 23 June 1914, an amending bill introduced in the House of Lords had provided for indefinite exclusion of the entire province of Ulster from Home Rule, a proposal said to have been acceptable to Carson, but which Nationalist leaders would not concede and with the outbreak of the First World War negotiations were shelved (Hepburn 2008: 152).

  4. 4.

    The vote for Leave = UK (51.9 percent), England (53.4 percent), Northern Ireland (44.2 percent), Scotland (38 percent) and Wales (52.5 percent). Source: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/politics/eu_referendum/results (accessed 11 Aug. 2016).

  5. 5.

    “EU referendum: How Northern Ireland constituencies voted”, BBC News, 24 June 2016; Marc Champion, “Divided Northern Ireland faces Brexit hangover”, Bloomberg, 19 July 2016. Tonge estimates that 89% of nationalists and 35% of unionists voted to remain.

  6. 6.

    Pat Leahy, “Post-Brexit repeal of Human Rights Act in North opposed by the State”, Irish Times, 11 July 2016, p. 5; Fintan O’Toole, “English nationalists have placed a bomb under the peace process”, Irish Times, 25 June 2016; Ryan McAleer, “Brexit may cost Tyrone millions”, and “Full extent of Tyrone EU funding examined”, Ulster Herald, 30 June 2016, pp. 1, 7.

  7. 7.

    Sarah Knapton, “EU referendum: Martin McGuinness calls for referendum on United Ireland”, The Telegraph, 24 June 2016.

  8. 8.

    See for example, “Merkel refuses special deal for Ireland after fears Brexit could cause border tensions”, Express, 13 July 2016; Emer O’Toole, “Ireland faces partition again: preserving the peace is critical”, The Guardian, 26 June 2016; Gerry Adams, “Brexit and Irish unity”, New York Times, 12 July 2016; Shashank Bengali, “Unease along the open border of Northern Ireland and Ireland after the ‘Brexit’ vote”, Los Angeles Times, 11 July 2016; Siobhán Mullally, “Brexit Postmortem: Changes to the Common Travel Area with the UK inevitable”, Irish Times, 10 July 2016.

  9. 9.

    Matt Carthy, “Economic benefits of Irish unity”, Irish Times, Letters, 11 July 2016, p. 13, cites a recent economic study on Irish unification (Hübner and van Nieuwkoop 2015).

  10. 10.

    Diarmaid Ferriter, “Referendum result may bring North and South closer”, Irish Times, 2 July 2016, p. 14.

  11. 11.

    Fintan O’Toole interviewed on the Spotlight programme, BBC NI television, 29 June 2016.

  12. 12.

    James O’Shea, “Independent Northern Ireland possible as top Tories talk federal UK”, Irish Central, 11 July 2016; Conor Humphries and Amanda Ferguson, “How Brexit has suddenly made the prospect of a United Ireland thinkable”, The Independent, 3 July 2016; Marie O’Halloran, “Sinn Féin ‘willing to look at alternatives to United Ireland’”, Irish Times, 23 July 2016.

  13. 13.

    Newton Emerson, “Confusion reigns as Arlene Foster embraces Brexit”, Irish News, 30 June 2016.

  14. 14.

    Peter Foster, “Irish urged to ‘phone-a-friend’ in UK to warn against perils of Brexit”, The Telegraph, 9 May 2016.

  15. 15.

    Gary Gibbon, “Corbyn and Irish diaspora: All hands to EU pump”, Channel 4 blogs, 2 June 2016, at: http://blogs.channel4.com/gary-gibbon-on-politics/corbyn-irish-diaspora-hands-eu-pump/32882 (accessed 13 July 2016).

  16. 16.

    Esther Addley, “Rush for Irish passports brought on by Brexit fears”, The Guardian, 16 Mar. 2016; Dermot Dorgan, “My Irish passport is suddenly fashionable in London”, Irish Times Generation Emigration, 6 July 2016; Katy Harrington, “People of the UK – stop the rush for Irish passports says Minister for Foreign Affairs as he addresses Irish Brexit fears”, Irish Post, 30 June 2016; Gareth McKeown, “Demand for birth certificates for Irish passport applications soar”, Irish News, 19 July 2016.

  17. 17.

    “Record 733,060 Irish passports issued last year”, Irish Times, 5 Jan. 2017; “Ireland on course to issue one million passports in wake of Brexit”, Irish Times, 15 Apr. 2017; Maurice Smith, “People are applying for EU passports because Brexit ruined Britishness”, The New European, 15 Apr. 2017.

  18. 18.

    Jennifer Nyhan, “Why I’m relieved to be living in Scotland after Brexit result”, Irish Times Generation Emigration, 28 June 2016; “Brexit has utterly changed the relationship between Ireland and the UK”, Irish Central, 22 July 2016; Mark Hilliard, “Irish in Britain feared being attacked after the Brexit vote”, Irish Times, 3 Jan. 2017.

  19. 19.

    Ciara Kenny, “‘I’m in shock. I feel lost’: Irish in Britain respond to Brexit”, Irish Times Generation Emigration, 24 June 2016. This was one of the top ten most read articles of the year on the website.

  20. 20.

    “Irish writers respond to Brexit”, Irish Times, 2 July 2016, p. 5.

  21. 21.

    Paul, Breen, “Irish voice in Britain more important than ever”, Irish Times Generation Emigration, 26 June 2016.

  22. 22.

    Calculated from figures provided by Vaughan and Fitzpatrick (1978) from the Board of Trade emigration returns and census data.

  23. 23.

    Over half of the immigrant flow in the late 1990s was comprised of returning Irish emigrants but their proportion declined to 27 percent by 2003 and to 18 percent by 2006 (Gray 2013b: 104).

  24. 24.

    Niall McCarthy, “The countries with the most native-born people living abroad”, Forbes.com, 15 Jan. 2016. No ranking was available for devolved jurisdictions of the UK.

  25. 25.

    See for example, Daire Louise O’Dowd, “The Irish in Vietnam: a new diaspora arises”, Irish Central, 30 Apr. 2017.

  26. 26.

    Articles on NI emigrants living in a great variety of locations around the world are included in: Northern Irish Connections (magazine special issue), Belfast Telegraph, 22 Dec. 2015.

  27. 27.

    Ciara Kenny, “The embedded emigrant”, Irish Times, 2 July 2016, Review, pp. 1–2.

  28. 28.

    The research by Barnard and Pendock was with emigrants from South Africa, a country that parallels Northern Ireland in its difficult history of discrimination against minorities. Thus, it is significant that the study findings also indicated that the impact of negative emotions had an important effect on diaspora engagement; specifically, that anger regarding the migration experience is a disincentive for engagement.

  29. 29.

    Note special issue: “The Magic of Diasporas”, The Economist, 19 Nov. 2011.

  30. 30.

    Ciara Kenny, “Certificate of Irish Heritage abandoned after low uptake”, Irish Times Generation Emigration, 17 Aug. 2015. Less than 3000 people applied for the certificates over 4 years.

  31. 31.

    There is not the space in this chapter to allow for a review of literature on diaspora generally and the Irish and Scots-Irish diasporas specifically, but see Devlin Trew (2013, Chapter 1), Fitzpatrick (2014, Chapter 8) and Sherling (2015).

  32. 32.

    “The British diaspora: And don’t come back”, The Economist, 9 Aug. 2014.

  33. 33.

    Committee on Welfare Services Abroad, located in the Ministry of Labour. DION (from an Irish word meaning ‘shelter’) was the government’s Advisory Committee for the Irish Community in Britain.

  34. 34.

    For example, the Catholic Welfare Bureau, est. 1942; Irish Episcopal Commission for Emigrants, est. 1957, etc. The Irish government provided €13 million from 1984 to 2002 to the DION committee for emigrant welfare in Britain (Glynn et al. 2015: 16). Many Northern Ireland migrants availed of these services.

  35. 35.

    The Ulster Folk Museum was created by an Act of Parliament in 1958, while the Museum Act (NI) of 1961 formally recognised the Ulster Museum as the “national museum” of Northern Ireland, effective 1962.

  36. 36.

    The Ulster Historical Foundation since 1975.

  37. 37.

    “Overview of the Emigrant Support Programme”, Irish Abroad Unit, DFAT, January 2016.

  38. 38.

    Dáil Éireann Debates, Vol. 893, No. 1, 14 Oct. 2015.

  39. 39.

    “Global Irish Network”, at: https://global.irish/GlobalIrishNetwork.aspx (accessed 31 July 2016).

  40. 40.

    An affinity diaspora is comprised of people that are linked to a particular country by having studied, worked or resided there or who simply have a strong interest in the culture.

  41. 41.

    https://global.irish/Default.aspx

  42. 42.

    Charlie Flanagan, “Welcome to the Global Irish Economic Forum”, 19 Nov. 2015, at: https://global.irish/GlobalIrishNetwork.aspx (accessed 31 July 2016).

  43. 43.

    Ciara Kenny, “Billy Lawless: the emigrant senator”, Irish Times, 4 June 2016, Review, p. 5.; “A voice for the diaspora”, Irish Times, 4 June 2016, p. 15.

  44. 44.

    Stakeholders included: Invest NI, the Northern Ireland Tourist Board, Belfast Harbour Commission, British Council, Northern Ireland Science Park, Strategic Investment Board, Queen’s University, and Ulster University.

  45. 45.

    Invest NI is part of the Department for the Economy.

  46. 46.

    “Bringing together the Northern Irish diaspora”, Belfast Telegraph, 29 Sept. 2015.

  47. 47.

    https://www.dfa.ie/globalirishhub/; https://www.connectireland.com/. See David Monagan, “Psst! Cash on the barrelhead for moving jobs to Ireland”, Forbes.com, 4 Mar. 2013; Gavin McLaughlin, “Clune’s Connect Ireland on course for €1.6bn-€1.8bn boost to Ireland’s GDP by 2020”, The Independent, 6 Mar. 2016.

  48. 48.

    Ciara Kenny, “Joe McHugh appointed Minister of State for the diaspora”, Irish Times Generation Emigration, 19 May 2016; and, “‘Honesty’ with emigrants needed, says diaspora Minister”, Irish Times, 7 June 2016, p. 1.

  49. 49.

    Aine Brolly, “Northern Ireland diaspora can plug skills gap”, Irish News, 29 Dec. 2015.

  50. 50.

    Claire Reid, “Time has never been better for a diaspora return to Northern Ireland”, 6 June 2016, at: http://4cexecutive.com/time-has-never-been-better-for-a-diaspora-return-to-northern-ireland/ (accessed 14 July 2016).

  51. 51.

    Ciara Kenny “Mental health among biggest issues facing Irish abroad”, Irish Times Generation Emigration, 3 June 2015; Lochlann Scott, “Lonely or depressed abroad? Skype counselling could help: Helplink.ie plans new Cabhrú online service for Irish people living in Australia”, Irish Times Generation Emigration, 17 May 2016; Sorcha Pollak, “Irish emigrants ‘lead the way’ in mental health awareness”, Irish Times, 5 May 2016; Dean Ruxton, “More than 120,000 take part in Darkness into Light walk”, Irish Times, 7 May 2016. The Pieta House Darkness into Light (http://dil.pieta.ie/) annual walks for mental health, which began in Ireland in 2009, have more recently taken place among Irish emigrants in several locations around the world, 120 locations in 2016.

  52. 52.

    Mind how you go, report at: www.migrantproject.ie; website at: http://www.mindhowyougo.ie/ (sites accessed 7 Aug. 2016).

  53. 53.

    https://www.dfa.ie/global-irish/staying-in-touch/global-irish-media-fund/ (accessed 13 Mar. 2017).

  54. 54.

    “Irish Leader Announces Referendum – Diaspora, Northern Irish Citizens to Vote in Presidential Races”, Irish Central, 13 Mar. 2017. See, the 34th Amendment of the Constitution (Presidential voting) Bill 2014: Second stage, Dail debates, 871, no. 2, 11 Mar. 2015.

  55. 55.

    Ciara Kenny, “‘To Enda with love’: Irish Abroad send #Post4Repeal Postcards”, Irish Times, 7 Mar. 2017; Claire McGowan, “‘We’re striking for Repeal in London in Solidarity with our Sisters in Ireland’”, Irish Times, 8 Mar. 2017.

  56. 56.

    Wales calculated a ratio of 77:1 return on investment with campaign budget of £276,684 and estimated revenue generated of £21.2 million (Morgan et al. 2002: 78). For Scotland, the budget spent was £8.5 million which attracted 72,000 additional visitors and generated revenue of £31.6 million (Riddington 2010: 2–3).

  57. 57.

    The Gathering is a traditional Scottish clan event celebrated in late nineteenth century Belfast in 1863, 1889–1893 (Hughes 2013: 109–110), and currently in several Ulster communities e.g. “The Broadisland Gathering, 5 Sept. 2015”, Belfast News Letter, 4 Sept. 2015.

  58. 58.

    Film clips of An Tóstal (1953) are available at www.britishpathe.com

  59. 59.

    “Actor Gabriel Byrne labels The Gathering ‘a scam’”, RTE News, 6 Nov. 2012.

  60. 60.

    Founded in 2009 by Mike Feerick, Ireland XO is funded by The Heritage Council and the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. See http://www.irelandxo.com/

  61. 61.

    The Gathering and its legacy: panel at the GIEF, 5 Oct. 2013 [video], available at: http://www.rte.ie/news/player/2013/1005/20449547-panel-debate-the-gathering-and-its-legacy/ (accessed 3 Aug. 2016).

  62. 62.

    Core funding was provided by the Department of Transport, Tourism and Sport (€12 m) plus €1 million from Failte Ireland. An additional €1 million was provided by IPB Insurance Ltd. for The Gathering event fund and additional in-kind support was leveraged from other key partners (Miley 2013: 9).

  63. 63.

    Just under £11.2 million was spent on the Our Place Our Time campaign and the evaluation report (June 2013) claimed a benefit of £42 million amounting to a spend / revenue ratio of £1/£4.78 including domestic tourist spend; out of state tourist spend was considerably less at £1/£1.60 (NI Tourist Board 2013: 11). Tourism Ireland reported a drop of 12 percent in overseas visitors to Northern Ireland, July-Sept. 2012 (Tourism Ireland 2013a: 4.1), while in the same period of the following year of The Gathering, visitor numbers increased by 13 percent (Tourism Ireland 2013b: 4.1). See, “NI tourist numbers “virtually unchanged” in 2012”, BBC News, 4 July 2013; also, “Short–sighted north fails to join in Irish diaspora tourism plan” and “Meanwhile, despite multi–million–pound ‘our place, our time’ promotion, number of overseas tourists drops by 13 percent”, both stories in the Irish News, 17 July 2012, 8–9.

  64. 64.

    Northern Ireland Assembly, Official Report (Hansard), vol. 74A, no. 5, 30 Apr. 2012, pp. 224–36, 249–54. The SDLP, Sinn Féin and the Alliance Party were supportive of the motion (48 votes), with pro-union parties against (46 votes).

  65. 65.

    Northern Ireland Assembly, Official Report (Hansard), vol. 74A, no. 5, 30 Apr. 2012, p. 252.

  66. 66.

    Northern Ireland Assembly, Official Report (Hansard), vol. 74A, no. 5, 30 Apr. 2012, p. 226.

  67. 67.

    Northern Ireland Assembly, Official Report (Hansard), vol. 74A, no. 5, 30 Apr. 2012, pp. 225–6.

  68. 68.

    “Connecting the diaspora”, Agenda NI, 4 July 2016.

  69. 69.

    http://www.itlg.org/; http://www.wildgeesenetwork.org/

  70. 70.

    Northern Irish Connections, [magazine special issue distributed with the Belfast Telegraph], 22 Dec. 2015, p. 3.

  71. 71.

    British PM Theresa May triggered Article 50 on 29 Mar. 2017, thus notifying the European Commission of the UK’s intention to withdraw from the European Union.

  72. 72.

    See the Saoradh website at: http://saoradh.ie/ (accessed 20 Feb. 2017).

  73. 73.

    Connla Young, “Discussions under way to set up new anti-agreement republican party”, Irish News, 18 July 2016.

  74. 74.

    “Border Communities against Brexit, press release”, 13 Sept. 2016, Jude Collins blog, at: http://www.judecollins.com/2016/09/border-communities-against-brexit-press-release/; Adam Lusher, “Anti-Brexit protesters bring traffic to a crawl on road between Northern Ireland and Republic of Ireland”, The Independent, 18 Feb. 2017.

  75. 75.

    “Brexit: Irish government identifying possible checkpoint locations on Northern Ireland border”, The Independent, 16 Feb. 2017.

  76. 76.

    Leaders debate: Northern Ireland, UTV, 16 Feb. 2017; Deborah McAleese, “Brexit, most dangerous issue for Northern Ireland since partition”, The Independent, 16 Feb. 2017.

  77. 77.

    Peter Hain, speech in the House of Lords debate on triggering Article 50, 27 Feb. 2017.

  78. 78.

    The EU has allowed that in the event of Irish unity, Northern Ireland would become part of the EU (European Council, “Guidelines following the United Kingdom’s triggering of Article 50 TEU”, EUCO XT 20004/17, 29 Apr. 2017).

  79. 79.

    Peter Murtagh, “Irish success depends on the diaspora, ex-diplomat says”, Irish Times, 17 Jan. 2017.

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    Johanne Devlin Trew

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    Johanne Devlin Trew

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    Michael Pierse

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Devlin Trew, J. (2018). Diaspora Engagement in Ireland, North and South, in the Shadow of Brexit. In: Devlin Trew, J., Pierse, M. (eds) Rethinking the Irish Diaspora. Migration, Diasporas and Citizenship. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40784-5_2

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