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Role of Imaging and Biopsy to Assess Local Recurrence After Definitive Treatment for Prostate Carcinoma

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Atlas of Ultrasonography in Urology, Andrology, and Nephrology

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Abstract

Purpose

Defining the site of recurrent disease early after definitive treatment for a localized prostate cancer is a critical issue as it may greatly influence the subsequent therapeutic strategy or patient management.

Methods

A systematic review of the literature was performed by searching Medline from January 1995 up to January 2011. Electronic searches were limited to the English language, and the keywords prostate cancer, radiotherapy [RT], high-intensity focused ultrasound [HIFU], cryotherapy [CRIO], transrectal ultrasound [TRUS], magnetic resonance imaging [MRI], PET/TC, and prostate biopsy were used.

Results

Despite the fact that diagnosis of a local recurrence is based on PSA values and kinetics, imaging by means of different techniques may be a prerequisite for effective disease management. Unfortunately, prostate cancer local recurrences are very difficult to detect by TRUS and conventional imaging that have shown limited accuracy at least at early stages. On the contrary, functional and molecular imaging, such as dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), offers the possibility of imaging molecular or cellular processes of individual tumors.

Recently, PET/CT, using 11C-choline, 18F-fluorocholine, or 11C-acetate, has been successfully proposed in detecting local recurrences as well as distant metastases. Nevertheless, in controversial cases, it is necessary to perform a biopsy of the prostatic fossa or a biopsy of the prostate to assess the presence of a local recurrence under guidance of MRI or TRUS findings.

Conclusion

It is likely that imaging will be extensively used in the future to detect and localize prostate cancer local recurrences before salvage treatment.

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    Authors and Affiliations

    1. Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation – Urology, Andrology and Kidney Transplantation Unit, University of Bari, Bari, Italy

      Pasquale Martino MD, Silvano Palazzo MD & Michele Battaglia MD

    2. Department of Urology, Vita Salute San Raffaele-University, Milan, Italy

      Vincenzo Scattoni MD & Carmen Maccagnano MD

    3. Institute of Urology, Ospedali Riuniti, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria, Ancona, Italy

      Andrea B. Galosi MD, PhD

    4. Multimedica Hospital, Castellanza, VA, Italy

      Paolo Consonni MD

    5. Department of Urology, University of Trieste-Cattinara Hospital, Trieste, Italy

      Carlo Trombetta MD & Giovanni Liguori MD

    6. Department of Emergency, Surgery and Trasplantation, Radiology Unit, University Hospital Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi, Bologna, Italy

      Massimo Valentino MD & Libero Barozzi MD

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      Pasquale Martino

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      Andrea B. Galosi

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    Martino, P. et al. (2017). Role of Imaging and Biopsy to Assess Local Recurrence After Definitive Treatment for Prostate Carcinoma. In: Martino, P., Galosi, A. (eds) Atlas of Ultrasonography in Urology, Andrology, and Nephrology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40782-1_27

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