Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Introduction

Return Migration, Development and Peace-Building

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Return Migration to Afghanistan

Part of the book series: Migration, Diasporas and Citizenship ((MDC))

Abstract

Van Houte discusses why and how in the post-Cold War era, return migrants from European countries returning to “post-conflict” countries have become seen as agents of change who can contribute to development and peace-building. But policies to promote this next are also designed to manage migration and defend domestic welfare and security. This chapter highlights the tensions, contradictions and questions that remain with regard to (1) the heterogeneity of the post-return experience and the complex meanings of and motivations for return, (2) the hierarchization of returnees’ mobility and immobility and (3) returnees’ room to manoeuvre in their negotiation between spaces of belonging, in order to (4) interrogate the expectations on which the linkages between return migration, development and peace-building are based.

Parts of this chapter and of Chap. 7 appear in Van Houte, Marieke and Tine Davids. 2014. “Moving Back or Moving Forward? Return Migration, Development and Peace-Building.” New Diversities, 16 (2): 71–87.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 79.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 99.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    See the glossary for the definitions of migration and return migration used in this book.

  2. 2.

    Notably Belgium, France, the Netherlands and Spain. See ICMPD and ECDPM (2013) for an analysis of the migration and development policies of 11 European countries and of how these often include “Assisted Voluntary Return” programmes.

References

  • Ahmed, Sara. 1999. Home and Away. International Journal of Cultural Studies 2(3): 329–347. doi:10.1177/136787799900200303.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Al-Ali, Nadje, Richard Black, and Khalid Koser. 2001. Refugees and Transnationalism: The Experience of Bosnians and Eritreans in Europe. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 27(4): 615–634.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Amelina, Anna. 2010. Searching for an Appropriate Research Strategy on Transnational Migration: The Logic of Multi-Sited Research and the Advantage of the Cultural Interferences Approach. Forum: Qualitative Social Research 11(1).

    Google Scholar 

  • Ammassari, Savina. 2004. From Nation-Building to Entrepreneurship: The Impact of Élite Return Migrants in Côte d’Ivoire and Ghana. Population, Space and Place 10(2): 133–154. doi:10.1002/psp.319.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Appadurai, Arjun. 2010. How Histories Make Geographies. Transcultural Studies 1: 4–13. doi:10.11588/ts.2010.1.6129.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailey, Olga Guedes. 2012. Migrant African Women: Tales of Agency and Belonging. Ethnic and Racial Studies 35(5): 850–867. doi:10.1080/01419870.2011.628037.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bakewell, Oliver. 2008. ‘Keeping Them in Their Place’: The Ambivalent Relationship Between Development and Migration in Africa. Third World Quarterly 29(7): 1341–1358. doi:10.1080/01436590802386492.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2010. Some Reflections on Structure and Agency in Migration Theory. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 36(10): 1689–1708. doi:10.1080/1369183x.2010.489382.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Basch, Linda G., Nina Glick Schiller, and Cristina Szanton Blanc. 1994. Nations Unbound: Transnational Projects, Postcolonial Predicaments, and Deterritorialized Nation-States. Langhorne: Gordon and Breach.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bauman, Zygmunt. 1998. Globalization: The Human Consequences. Cambridge: Polity Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhugra, Dinesh, and Matthew A. Becker. 2005. Migration, Cultural Bereavement and Cultural Identity. World Psychiatry 4(1): 18–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Black, Richard. 2001. Return and Reconstruction in Bosnia-Herzegovina: Missing Link, or Mistaken Priority? SAIS Review XXI(2): 177–199.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Black, Richard, and Saskia Gent. 2006. Sustainable Return in Post-conflict Contexts. International Migration 44(3): 15–38. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2435. 2006.00370.x.

  • Black, Richard, and Khalid Koser, eds. 1999. The End of the Refugee Cycle?: Refugee Repatriation and Reconstruction. Vol. 4, Forced Migration. New York and Oxford: Berghahn.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blitz, Brad K., Rosemary Sales, and Lisa Marzano. 2005. Non-Voluntary Return? The Politics of Return to Afghanistan. Political Studies 53(1): 182–200. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9248.2005.00523.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bloch, Alice. 2008. Zimbabweans in Britain: Transnational Activities and Capabilities. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 34(2): 287–305.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Braakman, Marije, and Angela Schlenkhoff. 2007. Between Two Worlds: Feelings of Belonging While in Exile and the Question of Return. Asien 104(3): 9–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brees, Inge. 2010. Refugees and Transnationalism on the Thai–Burmese Border. Global Networks 10(2): 282–299. doi:10.1111/j.1471-0374.2010.00286.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buitelaar, Marjo. 2006. ‘I Am the Ultimate Challenge’. Accounts of Intersectionality in the Life-Story of a Well-Known Daughter of Moroccan Migrant Workers in the Netherlands. European Journal of Women’s Studies 13(3): 259–276. doi:10.1177/1350506806065756.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carling, Jørgen. 2002. Migration in the Age of Involuntary Immobility: Theoretical Reflections and Cape Verdean Experiences. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 28(1): 5–42. doi:10.1080/13691830120103912.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2004. Emigration, Return and Development in Cape Verde: The Impact of Closing Borders. Population, Space and Place 10(2): 113–132. doi:10.1002/psp.322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cassarino, Jean-Pierre. 2004. Theorising Return Migration: The Conceptual Approach to Return Migrants Revisited. International Journal on Multicultural Societies (IJMS) 6(2): 253–279.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———., eds. 2014. Reintegration and Development. Florence: European University Institute and Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Castles, Stephen. 2003. Towards a Sociology of Forced Migration and Social Transformation. Sociology 37(1): 13–34. doi:10.1177/0038038503037001384.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2005. Nation and Empire: Hierarchies of Citizenship in the New Global Order. International Politics 42(2): 203–224. doi:10.1057/palgrave.ip.8800107.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2007. Twenty-First-Century Migration as a Challenge to Sociology. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 33(3): 351–371. doi:10.1080/13691830701234491.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Castles, Stephen, Hein De Haas, and Mark J. Miller. 2014. The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World. 5th ed. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Castles, Stephen, and Mark J. Miller. 2009. The Age of Migration: International Population Movements in the Modern World. 4th ed. Basingstoke and New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cerase, Francesco P. 1974. Expectations and Reality: A Case Study of Return Migration from the United States to Southern Italy. International Migration Review 8(2): 245–262.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chan, Yuk Wah, and Thi Le Thu Tran. 2011. Recycling Migration and Changing Nationalisms: The Vietnamese Return Diaspora and Reconstruction of Vietnamese Nationhood. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 37(7): 1101–1117. doi:10.1080/1369183x.2011.572486.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chimni, B.S. 2000. Globalization, Humanitarianism and the Erosion of Refugee Protection. Journal of Refugee Studies 13(3): 243–263. doi:10.1093/jrs/13.3.243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chimni, Bupinder S. 1999. From Resettlement to Involuntary Repatriation: Towards a Critical History of Durable Solutions to Refugee Problems. In New Issues in Refugee Research. Geneva: UNCHR.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christou, Anastasia. 2006. Deciphering Diaspora—Translating Transnationalism: Family Dynamics, Identity Constructions and the Legacy of ‘Home’ in Second-Generation Greek-American Return Migration. Ethnic and Racial Studies 29(6): 1040–1056. doi:10.1080/01419870600960297.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • D’onofrio, Lisa. 2004. Welcome Home? Minority Return in South-Eastern Republika Srspka. In Sussex Migration Working Paper. Brighton: University of Sussex.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Haas, Hein. 2005. International Migration, Remittances and Development: Myths and Facts. Third World Quarterly 26(8): 1269–1284.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2006. Engaging Diasporas: How Governments and Development Agencies Can Support Diaspora Involvement in the Development of Origin Countries. Oxford: International Migration Institute.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2010. Migration and Development: A Theoretical Perspective. International Migration Review 44(1): 227–264. doi:10.1111/j.1747-7379.2009.00804.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dolan, Chris. 1999. Repatriation from South Africa to Mozambique–Undermining Durable Solutions? In The End of the Refugee Cycle? Refugee Repatriation and Reconstruction, ed. Richard Black and Khalid Koser, 85–108. New York and Oxford: Berghahn.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duffield, Mark. 2006. Racism, Migration and Development: the Foundations of Planetary Order. Progress in Development Studies 6(1): 68–79. doi:10.1191/1464993406ps128oa.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eastmond, Marita. 2006. Transnational Returns and Reconstruction in Post-war Bosnia and Herzegovina. International Migration 44(3): 141–166. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2435.2006.00375.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Erdal, Marta Bivand. 2012. ‘A Place to Stay in Pakistan’: Why Migrants Build Houses in Their Country of Origin. Population, Space and Place 18(5): 629–641. doi:10.1002/psp.1694.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eriksen, Thomas Hylland. 1995. Small Places, Large Issues, Anthropology, Culture and Society. London and New York: Pluto.

    Google Scholar 

  • Faist, Thomas. 2008. Migrants as Transnational Development Agents: An Inquiry into the Newest Round of the Migration–Development Nexus. Population, Space and Place 14(1): 21–42. doi:10.1002/psp.471.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Findlay, Allan M., and F.L.N. Li. 1997. An Auto-Biographical Approach to Understanding Migration: The Case of Hong Kong Emigrants. Area 29(1): 34–44. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4762.1997.tb00005.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frouws, Bram, and Ton Grimmius. 2012. Migratie en Ontwikkeling. In Beleidsevaluatie van het Nederlandse Migratie- en Ontwikkelingsbeleid sinds 2008. Eindrapport: Research voor Beleid and Maastricht University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, Katy, and Ralph Grillo. 2002. Transnational Households and Ritual: An Overview. Global Networks 2(3): 179–190. doi:10.1111/1471-0374.00035.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • GCIM. 2005. Migration in an Interconnected World: New Directions for Action. Geneva: Global Commission on International Migration.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghanem, Tania. 2003. When Forced Migrants Return ‘Home’: The Psychological Difficulties Returnees Encounter in the Reintegration Process. In RSC Working Paper. Oxford: University of Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ghorashi, Halleh. 2001. Ways to Survive, Battles to Win: Iranian Women Exiles in the Netherlands and the US. Nijmegen: Katholieke Universiteit Nijmegen.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2003. Multiple Identities Between Continuity and Change. The Narratives of Iranian Women in Exile. Focaal-European Journal of Anthropology 42: 63–75.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gmelch, George. 1980. Return Migration. Annual Review of Anthropology 9: 135–159. doi:10.2307/2155732.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Granovetter, Mark. 1985. Economic Action and Social Structure: The Problem of Embeddedness. American Journal of Sociology 91(3): 481–510.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guarnizo, Luis Eduardo, Alejandro Portes, and William Haller. 2003. Assimilation and Transnationalism: Determinants of Transnational Political Action among Contemporary Migrants. American Journal of Sociology 108(6): 1211–1248.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hall, Jonathan, and Roland Kostić. 2009. Does Integration Encourage Reconciliatory Attitudes among Diasporas? In Global Migration and Transnational Politics Working Paper. Fairfax: Center for Global Studies, George Mason University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammond, Laura. 1999. Examining the Discourse of Repatriation: Towards a More Proactive Theory of Return Migration. In The End of the Refugee Cycle? Refugee Repatriation and Reconstruction, ed. Richard Black and Khalid Koser, 227–244. New York and Oxford: Berghahn.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hess, Martin. 2004. ‘Spatial’ Relationships? Towards a Reconceptualization of Embeddedness. Progress in Human Geography 28(2): 165–186.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hitlin, Steven, and Glen H. Elder. 2007. Time, Self, and the Curiously Abstract Concept of Agency. Sociological Theory 25(2): 170–191. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9558.2007.00303.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hyndman, Jennifer. 2012. The Geopolitics of Migration and Mobility. Geopolitics 17(2): 243–255. doi:10.1080/14650045.2011.569321.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ICMPD and ECDPM. 2013. Migration and Development Policies and Practices. A Mapping Study of Eleven European Countries and the European Commission. Vienna and Maastricht: ICMPD and ECDPM.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jain, Sonali. 2012. For Love and Money: Second-Generation Indian-Americans ‘Return’ to India. Ethnic and Racial Studies 36(5): 896–914. doi:10.1080/01419870.2011.641576.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, Richard C. 2011. The Local Economic Imprint of Return Migrants in Bolivia. Population, Space and Place 17(5): 435–453. doi:10.1002/psp.626.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King, Russell. 1978. Return Migration: A Neglected Aspect of Population Geography. Area 10(3): 175–182. doi:10.2307/20001343.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2000. Generalizations from the History of Return Migration. In Return Migration: Journey of Hope or Despair, ed. B. Ghosh, 7–55. Geneva: IOM and UNHCR.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2012. Geography and Migration Studies: Retrospect and Prospect. Population, Space and Place 18(2): 134–153. doi:10.1002/psp.685.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • King, Russell, and Anastasia Christou. 2010. Cultural Geographies of Counter-Diasporic Migration: Perspectives from the Study of Second-Generation ‘Returnees’ to Greece. Population, Space and Place 16(2): 103–119. doi:10.1002/psp.543.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2011. Of Counter-Diaspora and Reverse Transnationalism: Return Mobilities to and from the Ancestral Homeland. Mobilities 6(4): 451–466. doi:10.1080/17450101.2011.603941.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kloosterman, Robert C., Joanne Van Der Leun, and Jan Rath. 1999. Mixed Embeddedness: (In) Formal Economic Activities and Immigrant Businesses in the Netherlands. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 23(2): 252–266.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kloosterman, Robert C. 2010. Matching Opportunities with Resources: A Framework for Analysing (Migrant) Entrepreneurship from a Mixed Embeddedness Perspective. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development 22(1): 25–45. doi:10.1080/08985620903220488.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koser, Khalid, and Richard Black. 1999. The End of the Refugee Cycle? In The End of the Refugee Cycle? Refugee Repatriation and Reconstruction, ed. Richard Black and Khalid Koser, 2–17. New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koser, Khalid, and Nicholas Van Hear. 2003. Asylum Migration and Implications for Countries of Origin. WIDER Discussion Paper 2003/20, http://www.unu.edu/hq/library/Collection/PDF_files/WIDER/WIDERdp2003.20.pdf.

  • Levitt, Peggy, Kristen Lucken, and Melissa Barnett. 2011. Beyond Home and Return: Negotiating Religious Identity across Time and Space through the Prism of the American Experience. Mobilities 6(4): 467–482. doi:10.1080/17450101.2011.603942.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levitt, Peggy, and Nina Glick Schiller. 2004. Conceptualizing Simultaneity: A Transnational Social Field Perspective on Society. International Migration Review 38(3): 1002–1039. doi:10.1111/j.1747-7379.2004.tb00227.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ley, David. 2004. Transnational Spaces and Everyday Lives. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 29(2): 151–164. doi:10.1111/j.0020-2754.2004.00122.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li, F.L.N., A.J. Jowett, Allan M. Findlay, and Ronald Skeldon. 1995. Discourse on Migration and Ethnic Identity: Interviews with Professionals in Hong Kong. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers 20(3): 342–356.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Long, Lynellyn D., and Ellen Oxfeld. 2004a. Introduction. In Coming Home? Refugees, Migrants, and Those Who Stayed Behind, ed. Lynellyn D. Long and Ellen Oxfeld, 1–15. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———., eds. 2004b. Coming Home? Refugees, Migrants, and Those Who Stayed Behind. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lubkemann, Stephen C. 2008. Involuntary Immobility: On a Theoretical Invisibility in Forced Migration Studies. Journal of Refugee Studies 21(4): 454–475. doi:10.1093/jrs/fen043.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malkki, Liisa. 1992. National Geographic: The Rooting of Peoples and the Territorialization of National Identity Among Scholars and Refugees. Cultural Anthropology 7(1): 24–44. doi:10.1525/can.1992.7.1.02a00030.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Massey, Doreen. 1993. Power-Geometry and a Progressive Sense of Place. In Mapping the Futures: Local Cultures, Global Change, ed. John Bird, Barry Curtis, Tim Putnam, and Lisa Tickner, 59–69. London and New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Massey, Douglas S., Joaquin Arango, Graeme Hugo, Ali Kouaouci, Adela Pellegrino, and J. Edward Taylor. 1993. Theories of International Migration: A Review and Appraisal. Population and Development Review 19(3): 431–466. doi:10.2307/2938462.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mazzucato, Valentina. 2008. The Double Engagement: Transnationalism and Integration. Ghanaian Migrants’ Lives Between Ghana and The Netherlands. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 34(2): 199–216. doi:10.1080/13691830701823871.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mazzucato, Valentina, and Djamila Schans. 2011. Transnational Families and the Well-Being of Children: Conceptual and Methodological Challenges. Journal of Marriage and Family 73(4): 704–712. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2011.00840.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Meeus, Bruno. 2012. How to ‘Catch’ Floating Populations? Research and the Fixing of Migration in Space and Time. Ethnic and Racial Studies 35(10): 1775–1793. doi:10.1080/01419870.2012.659272.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mohamoud, Abdullah A. 2006. African Diaspora and Post-Conflict Reconstruction in Africa. In DIIS Brief. Copenhagen: Danish Institute for International Studies.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mommers, Christian, and Evi Velthuis. 2010. Leaving The Netherlands. Twenty Years of Voluntary Return Policy in the Netherlands (1989–2009). The Hague: International Organization for Migration.

    Google Scholar 

  • Monsutti, Alessandro. 2008. Afghan Migratory Strategies and the Three Solutions to the Refugee Problem. Refugee Survey Quarterly 27(1): 58–73. doi:10.1093/rsq/hdn007.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nagel, Caroline R., and Lynn A. Staeheli. 2004. Citizenship, Identity and Transnational Migration: Arab Immigrants to the United States. Space and Polity 8(1): 3–23. doi:10.1080/13562570410001678860.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Noll, Gregor. 1999. Rejected Asylum Seekers: The Problem of Return. International Migration 37(1): 267–288.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oeppen, Ceri. 2009. A Stranger at Home: Integration, Transnationalism and the Afghan Elite. Sussex: University of Sussex.

    Google Scholar 

  • Omata, Naohiko. 2013. The Complexity of Refugees’ Return Decision-Making in a Protracted Exile: Beyond the Home-Coming Model and Durable Solutions. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 39(8): 1281–1297. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2013.778149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Özerdem, Alpaslan, and Abdul Hai Sofizada. 2006. Sustainable Reintegration to Returning Refugees in Post-Taliban Afghanistan: Land-Related Challenges. Conflict, Security & Development 6(1): 75–100. doi:10.1080/14678800600590678.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pedersen, Marianne Holm. 2003. Between Homes: Post-war Return, Emplacement and the Negotiation of Belonging in Lebanon. In New Issues in Refugee Research. Geneva: UNHCR.

    Google Scholar 

  • Portes, Alejandro. 1999. Conclusion: Towards a New World—The Origins and Effects of Transnational Activities. Ethnic and Racial Studies 22(2): 463–477.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Portes, Alejandro, and Julia Sensenbrenner. 1993. Embeddedness and Immigration: Notes on the Social Determinants of Economic Action. American Journal of Sociology 98(6): 1320–1350.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Potter, Robert B. 2005. ‘Young, Gifted and Back’: Second-generation Transnational Return Migrants to the Caribbean. Progress in Development Studies 5(3): 213–236. doi:10.1191/1464993405ps114oa.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raghuram, Parvati. 2009. Which Migration, What Development? Unsettling the Edifice of Migration and Development. Population, Space and Place 15(2): 103–117. doi:10.1002/psp.536.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ruben, Ruerd, Marieke Van Houte, and Tine Davids. 2009. What Determines the Embeddedness of Forced-Return Migrants? Rethinking the Role of Pre- and Post-Return Assistance. International Migration Review 43(4): 908–937. doi:10.1111/j.1747-7379.2009.00789.x.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schuster, Liza. 2011. Turning Refugees into ‘Illegal Migrants’: Afghan Asylum Seekers in Europe. Ethnic and Racial Studies 34(8): 1392–1407. doi:10.1080/01419870.2010.535550.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sewell, William H. Jr. 1992. A Theory of Structure: Duality, Agency, and Transformation. American Journal of Sociology 98(1): 1–29. doi:10.2307/2781191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sherrell, Kathy, and Jennifer Hyndman. 2006. Global Minds, Local Bodies: Kosovar Transnational Connections Beyond British Columbia. Refuge: Canada’s Journal on Refugees 23(1): 16–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sinatti, Giulia. 2011. ‘Mobile Transmigrants’ or ‘Unsettled Returnees’? Myth of Return and Permanent Resettlement Among Senegalese Migrants. Population, Space and Place 17(2): 153–166. doi:10.1002/psp.608.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skeldon, Ronald. 2008. International Migration as a Tool in Development Policy: A Passing Phase? Population and Development Review 34(1): 1–18. doi:10.1111/j.1728-4457.2008.00203.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, Michael Peter, and Luis Eduardo Guarnizo, eds. 1998. Transnationalism from Below. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snel, Erik, Godfried Engbersen, and Arjen Leerkes. 2006. Transnational Involvement and Social Integration. Global Networks 6(3): 285–308.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sørensen, Ninna Nyberg, Nicholas Van Hear, and Poul Engberg-Pedersen. 2002. The Migration-Development Nexus: Evidence and Policy Options. International Migration 40(5): 49–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stein, Barry N., and Frederick C. Cuny. 1994. Refugee Repatriation During Conflict: Protection and Post-Return Assistance. Development in Practice 4(3): 173–187. doi:10.1080/096145249100077811.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stigter, Elca. 2006. Afghan Migratory Strategies—An Assesment of Repatriation and Sustainable Return in Response to the Convention Plus. Refugee Survey Quarterly 25(2): 109–122. doi:10.1093/rsq/hdi0129.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tsuda, Takeyuki. 1999. The Permanence of ‘Temporary’ Migration: The ‘Structural Embeddedness’ of Japanese-Brazilian Immigrant Workers in Japan. The Journal of Asian Studies 58(3): 687–722.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2004. Migration and Alienation: Japanese-Brazilian Return Migrants and the Search for Homeland Abroad. Chicago: University of Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turton, David, and Peter Marsden. 2002. Taking Refugees for a Ride? The Politics of Refugee Return to Afghanistan. In Issues Paper Series. Islamabad: The Afghanistan Research and Evaluation Unit (AREU).

    Google Scholar 

  • UNHCR. 1997. The State of The World’s Refugees 1997: A Humanitarian Agenda. Geneva: UNHCR.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2009. UNHCR Elegibility Guidelines for Assessing the International Protection Needs of Asylum-Seekers from Afghanistan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Houte, Marieke, and Tine Davids. 2008. Development and Return Migration: from Policy Panacea to Migrant Perspective Sustainability. Third World Quarterly 29(7): 1411–1429. doi:10.1080/01436590802386658.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Liempt, Ilse. 2011. Young Dutch Somalis in the UK: Citizenship, Identities and Belonging in a Transnational Triangle. Mobilities 6(4): 569–583. doi:10.1080/17450101.2011.603948.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vertovec, Steven. 1999. Conceiving and Researching Transnationalism. Ethnic and Racial Studies 22(2): 447–462. doi:10.1080/014198799329558.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2001. Transnationalism and Identity. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 27(4): 573–582. doi:10.1080/13691830120090386.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wijers, Gea. 2013. Navigating a River by Its Bends. A Comparison of Cambodian Returnees’ Contributions to the Transformation of Cambodia, Faculty of Social Sciences, Free University, Amsterdam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wimmer, Andreas, and Nina Glick Schiller. 2003. Methodological Nationalism, the Social Sciences, and the Study of Migration: An Essay in Historical Epistemology. International Migration Review 37(3): 576–610. doi:10.1111/j.1747-7379.2003.tb00151.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wissink, Marieke, Franck Düvell, and Anouka van Eerdewijk. 2013. Dynamic Migration Intentions and the Impact of Socio-Institutional Environments: A Transit Migration Hub in Turkey. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies 39(7): 1087–1105. doi:10.1080/1369183x.2013.778026.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zetter, Roger. 1999. Reconceptualizing the Myth of Return: Contuity and Transition Amongst the Greek-Cypriot Refugees of 1974. Journal of Refugee Studies 12(1): 1–22. doi:10.1093/jrs/12.1.1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmermann, Susan. 2012. Understanding Repatriation: Refugee Perspectives on the Importance of Safety, Reintegration, and Hope. Population, Space and Place 18(1): 45–57. doi:10.1002/psp.647.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zunzer, Wolfram. 2004. Diaspora Communities and Civil Conflict Transformation. In Berghof Occasional Paper. Berlin: Berghof Research Centre for Constructive Conflict Management.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. International Migration Institute Department of International Development, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK

    Marieke van Houte

Authors
  1. Marieke van Houte
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

van Houte, M. (2016). Introduction. In: Return Migration to Afghanistan. Migration, Diasporas and Citizenship. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40775-3_1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40775-3_1

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-40774-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-40775-3

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation