Skip to main content

Part of the book series: Pioneers in Arts, Humanities, Science, Engineering, Practice ((PAHSEP,volume 1))

  • 436 Accesses

Abstract

Before discussing how the field of contemporary conflict resolution (CR) has evolved and continues to evolve, we must consider different views of its parameters and of the major realms it encompasses.1 This is needed because consensus about those characteristics is lacking. For some workers in the field, the term refers essentially to a specific kind of work, for example, engaging in mediation in a particular manner. For many other conflict resolvers, it refers to ways of settling or ending conflicts that entail joint efforts to reach mutually acceptable agreements. For still others, conflict resolution is a Weltanschauung that can apply to all stages of conflicts, and encompasses relatively constructive ways of conducting and transforming conflicts and then maintaining secure and equitable relations. A very broad conception of CR is adopted here, which facilitates discussing the changing conceptions of the field as it evolves.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 39.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 54.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    This text was first published as: “The Evolution of Conflict Resolution,” pp. 15–32 in Sage Handbook of Conflict Resolution, Jacob Bercovitch, Victor Kremenyuk, and I. William Zartman, Eds., London: Sage, 2009. Permission to republish this text here was granted on 9 February 2016 by Craig Myles on behalf of SAGE Ltd. Permissions Team in London.

  2. 2.

    I thank the editors of this volume, I. William Zartman, Victor Kremenyuk, and Jacob Bercovitch, for their helpful comments and suggestions. I also want to thank the many persons who commented on earlier versions of this chapter and provided me with information about CR developments in particular places and times, including Nora Femenia, Geraldine Forbes, Ho Won Jeong, Karlheinz Koppe, Marie Pace, Brian Polkinghorn, Peter M. Wallensteen, Hongying Wang, and Honggang Yang.

References

  • Abu-Nimer, Mohammed. 2003. Nonviolence and Peace Building in Islam: Theory and Practice. Gainesville, FL: University Press of Florida.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, Mary B. and Lara Olson. 2003. “Confronting War: Critical Lessons for Peace Practitioners.” pp. 1–98. Cambridge, MA: The Collaborative for Development Action, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Avruch, Kevin. 1998. Culture and Conflict Resolution. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Axelrod, Robert. 1984. The Evolution of Cooperation. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bercovitch, Jacob. 1986. “International Mediation: A Study of Incidence, Strategies and Conditions of Successful Outcomes.” Cooperation and Conflict 21: 155–168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bondurant, Joan V. 1965. Conquest of Violence: The Gandhian Philosophy of Violence. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Botes, Johannes. 2003. “Conflict Transformation: A Debate over Semantics or a Crucial Shift in the Theory and Practice of Peace and Conflict Studies?” International Journal of Peace Studies 8 (2): 1–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Botes, Johannes. 2004. “Graduate Peace & Conflict Studies Programs: Reconsidering Their Problems & Prospects.” Conflict Management in Higher Education Report 5 (1): 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boulding, Kenneth. 1962. Conflict and Defense. New York: Harper & Row.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boulding, Kenneth E. 1978. “Future Directions in Conflict and Peace Studies.” The Journal of Conflict Resolution 22 (2) June: 342–354.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brock, Peter. 1968. Pacifism in the United States: From the Colonial Era to the First World War. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Camp, Eduard Vinyamata. 1999. Manual de Prevencion y Resolution de Conflictos: Conciliacion, Mediacion, Negociacion. Barcelona: Ariel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Camp, Eduard Vinyamata. 2001. Conflictologla: Teoria y Practica en Resolucion de Conflictos. Barcelona: Ariel.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chatfield, Charles, and R.M. Ilukhina. 1994. Peace/mir: An Anthology of Historic Alternatives to War. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, Raymond. 1997. Negotiating Across Cultures. Washington, DC: US Institute of Peace Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cortright, David. 2008. Peace: A History of Movements and Ideas. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Coser, Lewis A. 1956. The Functions of Social Conflict. New York: The Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Curie, Adam. 1971. Making Peace. London: Tavistock.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deutsch, Karl W„ Sidney A. Burrell, Robert A. Kann, Maurice Lee Jr., Martin Lichterman, Raymond Lindgren, Francis L, Loewenheim, and Richard W. Van Wagenen. 1957. Political Community and the North Atlantic Area. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Deutsch Morton. 1973. The Resolution of Conflict: Constructive and Destructive Processes. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dollard John, Leonard W. Doob, Neal E. Miller, 0 H. Mowrer, and Robert R. Sears. 1939. Frustration and Aggression. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dupont, Christophe (Ed.). 2007. Transformations du Monde et Negociation Implications, Defis et Opportunities. Paris: Negocia.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eckert, Roland and Helmut Willems. 1992. Konfliktintervention: Perspectivenubernahme in gesselschaflichen Ausienandersetzungen. Opladen: Leske and Budrich.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eriksson, Mikael and Peter Wallensteen. 2004. “Armed Conflict, 1989–2003.” Journal of Peace Research 41, 5: 625–636.

    Google Scholar 

  • Evangelista, Matthew. 1999. Unarmed Forces: The Transnational Movement to End the Cold War. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Faure, Guy Olivier (Ed.). 2005. La Negociation: Regards sur sa Diversite. Paris: Publibook.

    Google Scholar 

  • Faure, Guy Olivier, Mermet L„ Touzard H. and Dupont C. 2000. La Negociation: Situations et Problematiques. Paris: Dunod.

    Google Scholar 

  • Femenia, Nora. 2007 January 15. “Personal communication.” email.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fischer, Martina. 2006. “Civil society in Conflict Transformation: Ambivalence, Potentials and Challenges.” Berlin: Berghof Research Center for Constructive Conflict Management. 1–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, Roger and William Ury. 1981. Getting to YES: Negotiating Agreement Without Giving In. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, Ronald. 1997. Interactive Conflict Resolution. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Follett, Mary Parker. 1942. Dynamic Administration: The Collected Papers of Mary Parker Follett. New York and London: Harper.

    Google Scholar 

  • Galtung, Johan. 1969. “Violence, Peace, and Peace Research.” Journal of Peace Research 3 (3): 168.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gulliver, P.H. 1979. Disputes and Negotiations: A Crosscultural Perspective. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haas, Ernst B. 1958. The Uniting of Europe. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harty, Martha and John Modell. 1991. “The First Conflict Resolution Movement, 1956–1971: An Attempt to Institutionalize Applied Interdisciplinary Social Science.” Journal of Conflict Resolution 35: 720–758.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hauswedell, Corinna (Ed.). 2007. Deeskalation von Gewaltkonflikten seit 1945. Essen: Klartext.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henderson, Michael. 1996. The Forgiveness Factor. London: Grosvenor Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Human Security Centre. 2005. Human Security Report 2005. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaumain, Serge and Remade Eric (Eds.). 2006. Memoire de Guerre et Construction de la Paix. Frankfort am Main: Peter Lang.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeong, Ho-Won. 2006 December 3. “personal communication.” email.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kolb, Deborah M. 1983. The Mediators. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Komitee fur Grundrechte und Democratic. 1982. Frieden mit anderen Waffen. Reinbeck bei Hamburg: Rowohlt.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kovick, David. 2005. “The Hewlett Foundation’s Conflict Resolution Program: Twenty Years of Field-Building, 1984–2004.” Menlo Park, CA: Hewlett Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kremenyuk, Victor A. (Ed.). 1991. International Negotiation: Analysis, Approaches, Issues. San Francisco and Oxford: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kriesberg, Louis. 1973. The Sociology of Social Conflicts. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kriesberg, Louis. 1992. International Conflict Resolution: The US-USSR and Middle East Cases. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kriesberg, Louis. 2006. “Assessing Past Strategies for Countering Terrorism in Lebanon and by Libya.” Peace and Conflict Studies 13 (1): 1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kriesberg, Louis. 2007. “Long Peace or Long War: A Conflict Resolution Perspective.” Negotiation Journal 20 (1): 97–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kriesberg, Louis, Terrell A. Northrup, and Stuart J. Thorson (Eds.). 1989. Intractable Conflicts and Their Transformation. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lasswell, Harold Dwight. 1935. World Politics and Personal Insecurity. New York and London: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lasswell, Harold Dwight. 1948. Power and Personality. New York: Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leatherman, Janie. 2003. From Cold War to Democratic Peace. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lederach, John Paul. 1997. Building Peace: Sustainable Reconciliation in Divided Societies. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lentz, Theodore F. 1955. Towards a Science of Peace: Turning Point in Human Destiny. New York: Bookman Associates.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewin, Kurt. 1948. Resolving Social Conflicts: Selected Papers on Group Dynamics 1935–1946. New York: Harper.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malan, Jannie. 1997. Conflict Resolution Wisdom from Africa. Durban, South Africa: African Centre for the Constructive Resolution of Disputes (ACCORD).

    Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, Monty G. and Ted Robert Gurr. 2005. “Peace and Conflict, 2005.” College Park, MD: Center for International Development and Conflict Management, University of Maryland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mautner-Markhof, Frances (Ed.). 1989. Processes of International Negotiations. Westport, CT: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michelson, Ethan. 2007. “Climbing the Dispute Pagoda: Grievances and Appeals to the Official Justice System in Rural China.” American Sociological Review 72 (3): 459–485.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mills, C. Wright. 1956. The Power Elite. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitrany, David. 1948. “The Functional Approach to World Organization.” International Affairs.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, Christopher W. 1986. The Mediation Process. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nader, Laura. 1991. “Harmony Models and the Construction of Law.” pp. 41–59 in Conflict Resolution: Cross-cultural Perspectives, edited by Keven Avruch, Peter W. Black, and Joseph A. Scimecca. New York: Greenwood Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Leary, Rosemary and Lisa Bingham (Eds.). 2003. The Promise and Performance of Environmental Conflict Resolution. Washington, DC: Resources for the Future Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ormachea-Choque, Ivan. 1998. Analisis de la Ley de Conciliacion Extrajudicial. Lima, Peru: Cultural Cuzco.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osgood, Charles E. 1962. An Alternative to War or Surrender. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paris, Roland. 2004. At War’s End: Building Peace After Civil Conflict. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pilusik, Marc and Thomas Hayden. 1965. “Is There a Military Industrial Complex Which Prevents Peace?” Journal of Social Issues 21 (January): 67–117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polkinghorn, Brian, Robert LaChance and Haleigh LaChance. 2007. “A Comprehensive Profile and Trend Forecast of the Conflict Resolution Field in the United States.” Center for Conflict Resolution at Salisbury University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rapoport, Anatol. 1960. Fights, Games, and Debates. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rapoport, Anatol. 1966. Two-Person Game Theory: The Essential Ideas. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, Lewis F. 1960. Statistics of Deadly Quarrels. Pittsburgh, PA: The Boxwood Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roethlisberger, Fritz Jules, William John Dickson, Harold A. Wright, and Western Electric Company. 1939. Management and the Worker: An Account of a Research Program Conducted by the Western Electric Company; Elawthorne Works, Chicago. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, Jeffrey Z. (Ed.). 1981. Dynamics of Third Party Intervention: Kissinger in the Middle East. New York: Praeger.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rubin, Jeffrey Z., and Bert R. Brown. 1975. The Social Psychology of Bargaining and Negotiation. New York: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salem, Paul, (Ed.) 1997. Conflict Resolution in the Arab World: Selected Essays. Beirut: American University of Beirut.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schelling, Thomas C. 1960. The Strategy of Conflict. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Senghaas, Dieter. 1970. Friedensforschung und Gesellschaftskritik. München: C. Hanser.

    Google Scholar 

  • Senghaas, Dieter. 1972. Rüstung und Militarismus. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharp, Gene. 1973. The Politics of Nonviolent Action. Boston: Porter Sargent.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sherif, Muzafer. 1966. In Common Predicament. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Six, Jean-Frangois. 1990. Le Temps des Mediateurs. Paris: Seuil.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sorokin, Pitirim Aleksandrovich. 1925. The Sociology of Revolution. Philadelphia and London: J. B. Lippincott.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stedman, Stephen John, Donald Rothchild, and Elizabeth M. Cousens (Eds.). 2002. Ending Civil Wars: The Implementation of Peace Agreements. Boulder and London: Lynne Rienner.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stephenson, Carolyn M. “Peace Studies, Overview,” in Lester Kurtz (ed.), Encyclopedia of Violence, Peace and Conflict 2nd Ed. Oxford: Elsevier, 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  • Strauss, Anselm. 1978. Negotiations: Varieties, Contexts, Processes, and Social Order. San Francisco, Washington, and London: Jossey-Bass.

    Google Scholar 

  • Susskind, Lawrence. 1987. Breaking the Impasse: Consensual Approaches to Resolving Public Disputes. New York: Basic Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tiedtke, Stephen. 1980. Rüstungskontrolle aus sowjetischer Sicht. Frankfurt: Campus Verlag.

    Google Scholar 

  • Touval, Saadia and I. William Zartman. 1985. International Mediation in Theory and Practice. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • van der Merwe, Hendrik. 1989. Pursuing Justice and Peace in South Africa. London and New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallensteen, Peter. 2002. Understanding Conflict Resolution: War, Peace and the Global System. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wright, Quincy. 1942. A Study of War. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zartman, I. William (Ed.). 1978. The Negotiation Process. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zartman, I. William and Guy Olivier Faure (Eds.). 2005. Escalation and Negotiation in International Conflicts. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zartman, I. William and Maureen Berman. 1982. The Practical Negotiator. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Louis Kriesberg .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kriesberg, L. (2016). The Evolution of Conflict Resolution (2009). In: Louis Kriesberg: Pioneer in Peace and Constructive Conflict Resolution Studies. Pioneers in Arts, Humanities, Science, Engineering, Practice, vol 1. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40751-7_6

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics