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Fluoride: A World Ubiquitous Compound, Its Chemistry, and Ways of Contamination

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Surface Modified Carbons as Scavengers for Fluoride from Water

Abstract

Fluoride, an incompatible lithophile and the most electronegative element, forms a number of soluble, pH-dependent formation of complexes with polyvalent metal ions in water. The interaction between water and sedimentary carbonates ultimately causes fluoride concentration gradient as a sequel of hydrogeochemistry. The occurrence of fluoride in groundwater due to fluorapatite solubility and the other governing factors such as rock chemistry, residence time, well depth, preferential pathways for the upward movement of deep groundwater, hydrologic condition of the pathways, and geologic structure have also been discussed. In this chapter, in addition to the geochemistry of fluoride, the chemistry of fluoride in water and its association with the other physicochemical parametric factors such as total dissolved solids and dissolved ions such as sodium, calcium, magnesium, arsenic, boron, and hydrogen carbonate have been elaborated. As fluoride and arsenic ions participate together in their occurrence in soil and hence water, their co-contamination has been exemplified from the research reports. Fluoride solubility as a function of evaporation, evapotranspiration, temperature, and water softening has also been accounted. The leaching aspects of soil-based adsorption–desorption mechanism and its ultimate destiny on fluoride enrichment of groundwater have also been added in the chapter.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Pachaiyappa’s College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 030, India

    Venkataraman Sivasankar

  2. UMR CNRS n°6226 Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, ENSCR, 11 Allée de Beaulieu, CS 50837, Rennes Cedex 7, 35708, France

    André Darchen

  3. Department of Civil Engineering, School of Engineering, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki-Daigaku, 1-14 Bunkyo-machi, Nagasaki, 852 8521, Japan

    Kiyoshi Omine

  4. Department of Geology, School of Geosciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620 004, India

    R. Sakthivel

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  1. Venkataraman Sivasankar
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  2. André Darchen
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  3. Kiyoshi Omine
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  4. R. Sakthivel
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Correspondence to Venkataraman Sivasankar .

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  1. Research Department of Chemistry, Pachaiyappa’s College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

    Venkataraman Sivasankar

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Sivasankar, V., Darchen, A., Omine, K., Sakthivel, R. (2016). Fluoride: A World Ubiquitous Compound, Its Chemistry, and Ways of Contamination. In: Sivasankar, V. (eds) Surface Modified Carbons as Scavengers for Fluoride from Water. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40686-2_2

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