Skip to main content

Occupational Therapy Services

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
  • 2075 Accesses

Part of the book series: Evidence-Based Practices in Behavioral Health ((EBPBH))

Abstract

In this chapter, I define occupation and describe its impact on mental health and wellness. I discuss the alignment between occupational therapy theory, occupational constructs, and recovery principles, and advance a holistic framework for understanding an individual as an occupational being. I then provide an overview of how occupational therapy mental health assessment can examine occupational satisfaction and value, identify meaningful personal goals, and produce baseline and subsequent measures of life function and engagement to inform recovery planning. Finally, I explore occupational therapy interventions that can empower people with serious mental illness (SMI) to live life to its fullest by supporting recovery, subjective quality of life, and occupational engagement.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   69.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   89.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   299.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Aldridge, K. J., & Taylor, N. F. (2012). Dysphagia is a common and serious problem for adults with mental illness: A systematic review. Dysphagia, 27, 124–137.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • American Occupational Therapy Association. (2008). Occupational therapy practice framework: Domain and process (2nd Ed.). American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 62, 625–683.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andresen, R., Oades, L., & Caputi, P. (2003). The experience of recovery from schizophrenia: Towards an empirically validated stage model. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 37, 586–594.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Apte, A., Kielhofner, G., Paul-Ward, A., & Braveman, B. (2005). Therapists’ and clients’ perceptions of the occupational performance history interview. Occupational Therapy in Health Care, 19(1–2), 173–192.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aubin, G., Hachey, R., & Mercier, C. (1999). Meaning of daily activities and subjective quality of life in people with severe mental illness. Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 6(2), 53–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Auslander, L. A., & Jeste, D. V. (2002). Perceptions of problems and needs for service among middle-aged and elderly outpatients with schizophrenia and related psychotic disorders. Community Mental Health Journal, 38, 391–402.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ayres, A. (1972). Sensory integration and learning disabilities. Los Angeles, CA: Western Psychological Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baron, K., Kielhofner, G., Iyenger, A., Goldhammer, V., & Wolenski, J. (2006). Occupational Self Assessment Version 2.2. Model of Human Occupation Clearinghouse.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baum, C. (2002). Adolph Meyer’s challenge: Focus on occupation in practice and in science. OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health, 22(4), 130–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bebbington, P. E., Bhugra, D., Brugha, T., Singleton, N., Farrell, M., Jenkins, R., et al. (2004). Psychosis, victimisation and childhood disadvantage: Evidence from the second British national survey of psychiatric morbidity. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 185, 220–226.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bejerholm, U., & Eklund, M. (2004). Time use and occupational performance among persons with schizophrenia. Occupational Therapy in Mental Health, 20, 27–47.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bejerholm, U., & Eklund, M. (2007). Occupational engagement in persons with schizophrenia: Relationships to self-related variables, psychopathology, and quality of life. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 61, 21–32.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bejerholm, U., Hansson, L., & Eklund, M. (2006). Profiles of occupational engagement in people with schizophrenia (POES): The development of a new instrument based on time-use diaries. The British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 69, 58–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Belcham, C. (2004). Spirituality in occupational therapy: Theory in practice? The British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 67, 39–46.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bellack, A. S. (2004). Skills training for people with severe mental illness. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 27, 375.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bilder, S., & Mechanic, D. (2003). Navigating the disability process: Persons with mental disorders applying for and receiving disability benefits. Milbank Quarterly, 81, 75–106.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Blanche, E. I., Parham, D., Chang, M., & Mallinson, T. (2014). Development of an adult sensory processing scale (ASPS). American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 68, 531–538.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blank, A. (2004). Clients’ experience of partnership with occupational therapists in community mental health. The British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 67, 118–124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borg, M., & Davidson, L. (2008). The nature of recovery as lived in everyday experience. Journal of Mental Health, 17, 129–140.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Borg, M., Karlsson, B., Lofthus, A. M., & Davidson, L. (2011). Hitting the wall: Lived experiences of mental health crises. International Journal of Qualitative Studies on Health and Well-being, 6(4). doi:10.3402/qhw.v6i4.7197

    Google Scholar 

  • Breier, A., & Strauss, J. S. (1983). Self-control in psychotic disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 1141–1145.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, C., Cromwell, R. L., Filion, D., Dunn, W., & Tollefson, N. (2002). Sensory processing in schizophrenia: Missing and avoiding information. Schizophrenia Research, 55, 187–195.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, C., & Dunn, W. (2002). Adolescent-adult sensory profile: User’s manual. Tucson, AZ: Therapy Skill Builders.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butler, P. D., & Javitt, D. C. (2005). Early-stage visual processing deficits in schizophrenia. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 18, 151–157.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Carlson, M., Clark, F., & Young, B. (1998). Practical contributions of occupational science to the art of successful ageing: How to sculpt a meaningful life in older adulthood. Journal of Occupational Science, 5, 107–118.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carswell, A., McColl, M. A., Baptiste, S., Law, M., Polatajko, H., & Pollock, N. (2004). The Canadian occupational performance measure: A research and clinical literature review. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 71, 210–222.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chaudhary, P., & Sharma, U. (1976). Existential frustration and mental illness: A comparative study of purpose in life in psychiatric patients and normals. Indian Journal of Clinical Psychology, 3, 171–174.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christiansen, C. H. (1997). Acknowledging a spiritual dimension in occupational therapy practice. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 51, 169–172.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Christiansen, C. H. (1999). Defining lives: Occupation as identity: An essay on competence, coherence, and the creation of meaning. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 53, 547–558.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Clark, F., & Lawlor, M. (2009). The making and mattering of occupational science. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohrs, S. (2008). Sleep disturbances in patients with schizophrenia. CNS Drugs, 22, 939–962.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Copic, V., Deane, F. P., Crowe, T. P., & Oades, L. G. (2011). Hope, meaning and responsibility across stages of recovery for individuals living with an enduring mental illness. The Australian Journal of Rehabilitation Counselling, 17(2), 61–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Corrigan, P., McCorkle, B., Schell, B., & Kidder, K. (2003). Religion and spirituality in the lives of people with serious mental illness. Community Mental Health Journal, 39, 487–499.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Craik, C., & Pieris, Y. (2006). Without leisure …‘it wouldn’t be much of a life’: The meaning of leisure for people with mental health problems. The British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 69, 209–216.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cummings, K. S., Grandfield, S. A., & Coldwell, C. M. (2010). Caring with comfort rooms. Reducing seclusion and restraint use in psychiatric facilities. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 48(6), 26–30.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Curson, D. A., Pantelis, C., Ward, J., & Barnes, T. R. (1992). Institutionalism and schizophrenia 30 years on: Clinical poverty and the social environment in three British mental hospitals in 1960 compared with a fourth in 1990. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 160, 230–241.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, L. (2007). Habits and other anchors of everyday life that people with psychiatric disabilities may not take for granted. OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health, 27(1 suppl.), 60S–68S.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, L., O’Connell, M., Tondora, J., Staeheli, M. R., & Evans, A. C. (2005). Recovery in serious mental illness: Paradigm shift or shibboleth? In L. Davidson, C. M. Harding, & L. Spaniol (Eds.), Recovery from severe mental illnesses: Research evidence and implications for practice. Boston, MA: Center for Psychiatric Rehabilitation, Sargent College of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Boston University.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davidson, L., & Strauss, J. S. (1992). Sense of self in recovery from severe mental illness. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 65, 131–145.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Delespaul, P. A., & DeVries, M. W. (1987). The daily life of ambulatory chronic mental patients. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 175, 537–544.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • DeVries, M. W., & Delespaul, P. A. (1989). Time, context, and subjective experiences in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 15, 233–244.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dickerson, A. E., & Oakley, F. (1995). Comparing the roles of community-living persons and patient populations. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 49, 221–228.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dickerson, F., Ringel, N., & Parente, F. (1998). Subjective quality of life in out-patients with schizophrenia: Clinical and utilization correlates. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 98, 124–127.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Doble, S. E., & Santha, J. C. (2008). Occupational well-being: Rethinking occupational therapy outcomes. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 75, 184–190.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunn, E. C., Wewiorski, N. J., & Rogers, E. S. (2010). A qualitative investigation of individual and contextual factors associated with vocational recovery among people with serious mental illness. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 80, 185–194.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dunn, W., Brown, C., & McGuigan, A. (1994). The ecology of human performance: A framework for considering the effect of context. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 48, 595–607.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eakman, A. M. (2013). Relationships between meaningful activity, basic psychological needs, and meaning in life: Test of the meaningful activity and life meaning model. OTJR: Occupation Participation and Health, 33, 100–109.

    Google Scholar 

  • Eakman, A. M., Carlson, M. E., & Clark, F. A. (2010). The meaningful activity participation assessment: A measure of engagement in personally valued activities. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 70, 299–317.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Eakman, A. M., & Eklund, M. (2012). The relative impact of personality traits, meaningful occupation and occupational value on meaning in life and life satisfaction. Journal of Occupational Science, 19, 165–177.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Edgelow, M., & Krupa, T. (2011). Randomized controlled pilot study of an occupational time-use intervention for people with serious mental illness. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 65, 267–276.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eklund, M. (2007). Perceived control: How is it related to daily occupation in patients with mental illness living in the community? American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 61, 535–542.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eklund, M., Backstrom, M., & Eakman, A. M. (2014). Psychometric properties and factor structure of the 13-item satisfaction with daily occupations scale when used with people with mental health problems. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 12, 191.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Eklund, M., Erlandsson, L., & Persson, D. (2003). Occupational value among individuals with long-term mental illness. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 70, 276–284.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eklund, M., Hansson, L., & Bejerholm, U. (2001). Relationships between satisfaction with occupational factors and health-related variables in schizophrenia outpatients. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 36, 79–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eklund, M., Hermansson, A., & Håkansson, C. (2012). Meaning in life for people with schizophrenia: Does it include occupation? Journal of Occupational Science, 19, 93–105.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Engelhardt, H. T, Jr. (1977). Defining occupational therapy: The meaning of therapy and the virtues of occupation. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 31, 666–672.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Engquist, D. E., Short-DeGraff, M., Gliner, J., & Oltjenbruns, K. (1997). Occupational therapists’ beliefs and practices with regard to spirituality and therapy. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 51, 173–180.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ennals, P., & Fossey, E. (2007). The occupational performance history interview in community mental health case management: Consumer and occupational therapist perspectives. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 54, 11–21.

    Google Scholar 

  • Estroff, S. E. (1989). Self, identity, and subjective experiences of schizophrenia: In search of the subject. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 15, 189–196.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Evans, G. W. (2003). The built environment and mental health. Journal of Urban Health, 80, 536–555.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Farnworth, L., Nikitin, L., & Fossey, E. (2004). Being in a secure forensic psychiatric unit: Every day is the same, killing time or making the most of it. The British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 67, 430–438.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Farrar, J. E. (2001). Addressing spirituality and religious life in occupational therapy practice. Physical and Occupational Therapy in Geriatrics, 18(4), 65–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Feldman, D. B., & Snyder, C. R. (2005). Hope and the meaningful life: Theoretical and empirical associations between goal-directed thinking and life meaning. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 24, 401–421.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fervaha, G., Agid, O., McDonald, K., Foussias, G., & Remington, G. (2014). Daily activity patterns in remitted first-episode schizophrenia. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 55, 1182–1187.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fidler, G. S. (1996). Life-style performance: From profile to conceptual model. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 50, 139–147.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fisher, A. G. (2003). AMPS: Assessment of motor and process skills (5th ed., Vol. 1). Fort Collins, CO: Three Star Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flaherty, M. G. (2003). Time work: Customizing temporal experience. Social Psychology Quarterly, 66, 17–33.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fossey, E. M., & Harvey, C. A. (2010). Finding and sustaining employment: A qualitative meta-synthesis of mental health consumer views. The Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 77, 303–314.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frankl, V. E. (1985). Man’s search for meaning. New York: Simon and Schuster.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freedman, B. J. (1974). The subjective experience of perceptual and cognitive disturbances in schizophrenia: A review of autobiographical accounts. Archives of General Psychiatry, 30, 333–340.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gahnström-Strandqvist, K., Josephsson, S., & Tham, K. (2004). Stories of clients with mental illness: The structure of occupational therapists’ interactions. OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health, 24(4), 134–143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Giersch, A., Poncelet, P. E., Capa, R. L., Martin, B., Duval, C. Z., Curzietti, M., et al. (2015). Disruption of information processing in schizophrenia: The time perspective. Schizophrenia Research: Cognition, 56(2), 78–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giersch, A., Wilquin, H., Capa, R. L., & Delevoye-Turrell, Y. N. (2013). Combined visual and motor disorganization in patients with schizophrenia. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 620.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, B., Britnell, E. S., & Goldberg, J. (2002). The relationship between engagement in meaningful activities and quality of life in persons disabled by mental illness. Occupational Therapy in Mental Health, 19, 17–44.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, P. D., & Bellack, A. S. (2009). Toward a terminology for functional recovery in schizophrenia: Is functional remission a viable concept? Schizophrenia Bulletin, 35, 300–306.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hasselkus, B. R. (2006). The world of everyday occupation: Real people, real lives. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 60, 627–640.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Heasman, D., & Atwal, A. (2004). The active advice pilot project: Leisure enhancement and social inclusion for people with severe mental health problems. The British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 67, 511–514.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hess, K. Y. (2011). A study on the discernment by occupational therapists on whether mental health service users’ occupations of a spiritual nature are health seeking behaviors or manifestations of illness. Available from http://hdl.handle.net/11427/11438

  • Hitch, D., Pepin, G., & Stagnitti, K. (2013). Engagement in activities and occupations by people who have experienced psychosis: A metasynthesis of lived experience. The British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 76(2), 77–86.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hofstetter, J. R., Lysaker, P. H., & Mayeda, A. R. (2005). Quality of sleep in patients with schizophrenia is associated with quality of life and coping. BMC Psychiatry, 5, 13.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Holahan, C. J. (1972). Seating patterns and patient behavior in an experimental dayroom. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 80(2), 115–124.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Holahan, C. J., & Saegert, S. (1973). Behavioral and attitudinal effects of large-scale variation in the physical environment of psychiatric wards. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 82, 454–462.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Honey, A. (2004). Benefits and drawbacks of employment: Perspectives of people with mental illness. Qualitative Health Research, 14, 381–395.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoshii, J., Yotsumoto, K., Tatsumi, E., Tanaka, C., Mori, T., & Hashimoto, T. (2013). Subject-chosen activities in occupational therapy for the improvement of psychiatric symptoms of inpatients with chronic schizophrenia: A controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation, 27, 638–645.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Houston, D., Williams, S. L., Bloomer, J., & Mann, W. C. (1989). The bay area functional performance evaluation: Development and standardization. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 43, 170–183.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Howard, P. B., El-Mallakh, P., Rayens, M. K., & Clark, J. J. (2003). Consumer perspectives on quality of inpatient mental health services. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 17, 205–217.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jackman, M. M. (2014). Mindful occupational engagement. In N. N. Singh (Ed.), Psychology of meditation (pp. 241–278). New York: Nova Science Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, J., Carlson, M., Mandel, D., Zemke, R., & Clark, F. (1998). Occupation in lifestyle redesign: The well elderly study occupational therapy program. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 52, 326–336.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jagannath, A., Peirson, S. N., & Foster, R. G. (2013). Sleep and circadian rhythm disruption in neuropsychiatric illness. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 23, 888–894.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jahoda, M. (1981). Work, employment, and unemployment: Values, theories, and approaches in social research. American Psychologist, 36, 184–191.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Javitt, D. C. (2009a). When doors of perception close: Bottom-up models of disrupted cognition in schizophrenia. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 5, 249–275.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Javitt, D. C. (2009b). Sensory processing in schizophrenia: Neither simple nor intact. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 35, 1059–1064.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Javitt, D. C. (2015). Neurophysiological models for new treatment development in schizophrenia: Early sensory approaches. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1344, 92–104.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Javitt, D. C., & Freedman, R. (2015). Sensory processing dysfunction in the personal experience and neuronal machinery of schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 172, 17–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, D., & Mayers, C. (2005). Spirituality: A review of how occupational therapists acknowledge, assess and meet spiritual needs. The British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 68, 386–392.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaiser, E. M., Gillette, C. S., & Spinazzola, J. (2010). A controlled pilot-outcome study of sensory integration (SI) in the treatment of complex adaptation to traumatic stress. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment and Trauma, 19, 699–720.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kang, C. (2003). A psychospiritual integration frame of reference for occupational therapy. Part 1: Conceptual foundations. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 50, 92–103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Katsakou, C., & Priebe, S. (2007). Patient’s experiences of involuntary hospital admission and treatment: A review of qualitative studies. Epidemiologia e Psichiatria Sociale, 16, 172–178.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kielhofner, G. (2002). A model of human occupation: Theory and application. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kielhofner, G., & Burke, J. P. (1980). A model of human occupation, part 1. Conceptual framework and content. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 34, 572–581.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kielhofner, G., Mallinson, T., Forsyth, K., & Lai, J. (2001). Psychometric properties of the second version of the occupational performance history interview (OPHI-II). American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 55, 260–267.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Killeen, M. B., & O’day, B. L. (2004). Challenging expectations: How individuals with psychiatric disabilities find and keep work. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 28, 157–163.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kirkley, K. N., & Fisher, A. G. (1999). Alternate forms reliability of the assessment of motor and process skills. Journal of Outcome Measurement, 3, 53–70.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kirsh, B. (2000). Factors associated with employment for mental health consumers. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 24, 13–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klinger, E. (2012). The search for meaning in evolutionary goal-theory perspective. In P. T. Wong (Ed.), The human quest for meaning: Theories, research, and applications (pp. 23–55). New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kottorp, A., Bernspång, B., Fisher, A. G., & Bryze, K. A. (1995). IADL ability measured with the AMPS: Relation to two classification systems of mental retardation. Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 2(3–4), 121–128.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krupa, T., McLean, H., Eastabrook, S., Bonham, A., & Baksh, L. (2003). Daily time use as a measure of community adjustment for persons served by assertive community treatment teams. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 57, 558–565.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krystal, A. D., Thakur, M., & Roth, T. (2008). Sleep disturbance in psychiatric disorders: Effects on function and quality of life in mood disorders, alcoholism, and schizophrenia. Annals of Clinical Psychiatry, 20, 39–46.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kukla, M., Lysaker, P. H., & Roe, D. (2014). Strong subjective recovery as a protective factor against the effects of positive symptoms on quality of life outcomes in schizophrenia. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 55, 1363–1368.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Larson, E. A. (2004). The time of our lives: The experience of temporality in occupation. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 71, 24–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Law, M., Cooper, B., Strong, S., Stewart, D., Rigby, P., & Letts, L. (1996). The person-environment-occupation model: A transactive approach to occupational performance. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 63, 9–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Le Boutillier, C., Leamy, M., Bird, V. J., Davidson, L., Williams, J., & Slade, M. (2011). What does recovery mean in practice? A qualitative analysis of international recovery-oriented practice guidance. Psychiatric Services, 62, 1470–1476.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leamy, M., Bird, V., Le Boutillier, C., Williams, J., & Slade, M. (2011). Conceptual framework for personal recovery in mental health: Systematic review and narrative synthesis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 199, 445–452.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee, K., Bhaker, R. S., Mysore, A., Parks, R. W., Birkett, P. B., & Woodruff, P. W. (2009). Time perception and its neuropsychological correlates in patients with schizophrenia and in healthy volunteers. Psychiatry Research, 166, 174–183.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Legault, E., & Rebeiro, K. L. (2001). Occupation as means to mental health: A single-case study. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 55, 90–96.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leonardelli, C. A. (1988). The Milwaukee evaluation of daily living skills: Evaluation in long-term psychiatric care. Thorofare, NJ: Slack Incorporated.

    Google Scholar 

  • Letendre, R. (1997). The everyday experience of psychiatric hospitalization: The users’ viewpoint. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 43, 285–297.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Leufstadius, C., Erlandsson, L., Björkman, T., & Eklund, M. (2008). Meaningfulness in daily occupations among individuals with persistent mental illness. Journal of Occupational Science, 15, 27–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liberman, R. P., Glynn, S., Blair, K. E., Ross, D., & Marder, S. R. (2002). In vivo amplified skills training: Promoting generalization of independent living skills for clients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry, 65, 137–155.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liberman, R. P., & Kopelowicz, A. (2005). Recovery from schizophrenia: A criterion-based definition. In R. O. Ralph & P. Corrigan (Eds.), Recovery in mental illness: Broadening our understanding of wellness (pp. 101–129). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Liberman, R. P., Mueser, K. T., Wallace, C. J., Jacobs, H. E., Eckman, T., & Massel, H. K. (1986). Training skills in the psychiatrically disabled: Learning coping and competence. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 12, 631–647.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liberman, R. P., Wallace, C., Blackwell, G., Eckman, T., Vaccaro, J., & Kuehnel, T. (1993). Innovations in skills training for the seriously mentally ill: The UCLA social and independent living skills modules. Innovations and Research, 2, 43–59.

    Google Scholar 

  • Liberman, R. P., Wallace, C. J., Blackwell, G., Kopelowicz, A., Vaccaro, J. V., & Mintz, J. (1998). Skills training versus psychosocial occupational therapy for persons with persistent schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 155, 1087–1091.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liebling, A. (1993). Suicides in young prisoners: A summary. Death Studies, 17, 381–407.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lipskaya-Velikovsky, L., Bar-Shalita, T., & Bart, O. (2015). Sensory modulation and daily-life participation in people with schizophrenia. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 58, 130–137.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd, C., King, R., & Machingura, T. (2014). An investigation into the effectiveness of sensory modulation in reducing seclusion within an acute mental health unit. Advances in Mental Health, 12, 93–100.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd, C., King, R., McCarthy, M., & Scanlan, M. (2007). The association between leisure motivation and recovery: A pilot study. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 54, 33–41.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lloyd, C., King, R., & Moore, L. (2010). Subjective and objective indicators of recovery in severe mental illness: A cross-sectional study. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 56, 220–229.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ludwig, F. M. (2004). Occupation-based and occupation-centered perspectives. In K. Walker & F. M. Ludwig (Eds.), Perspectives on theory for the practice of occupational therapy (pp. 373–442). Austin, TX: Pro Ed.

    Google Scholar 

  • Manoach, D. S., & Stickgold, R. (2009). Does abnormal sleep impair memory consolidation in schizophrenia? Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 3, 21.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, B., Wittmann, M., Franck, N., Cermolacce, M., Berna, F., & Giersch, A. (2014). Temporal structure of consciousness and minimal self in schizophrenia. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 1175.

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, J. L., Jeste, D. V., & Ancoli-Israel, S. (2005). Older schizophrenia patients have more disrupted sleep and circadian rhythms than age-matched comparison subjects. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 39, 251–259.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, J., Jeste, D. V., Caliguiri, M. P., Patterson, T., Heaton, R., & Ancoli-Israel, S. (2001). Actigraphic estimates of circadian rhythms and sleep/wake in older schizophrenia patients. Schizophrenia Research, 47, 77–86.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Marwaha, S., & Johnson, S. (2005). Views and experiences of employment among people with psychosis: A qualitative descriptive study. The International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 51, 302–316.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matuska, K. M. (2012). Validity evidence of a model and measure of life balance. OTJR: OccupationParticipation and Health, 32, 229–237.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matuska, K. M., & Christiansen, C. H. (2008). A proposed model of lifestyle balance. Journal of Occupational Science, 15, 9–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McColl, M. A., Law, M., Baptiste, S., Pollock, N., Carswell, A., & Polatajko, H. J. (2005). Targeted applications of the Canadian occupational performance measure. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 72, 298–300.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCormick, B. P., Snethen, G., Smith, R. L., & Lysaker, P. H. (2012). Active leisure in the emotional experience of people with schizophrenia. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 46, 179–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • McElroy, S. L., Allison, D. B., & Bray, G. A. (2006). Obesity and mental disorders. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • McGregor, I., & Little, B. R. (1998). Personal projects, happiness, and meaning: On doing well and being yourself. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 494–512.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Merritt, B. K. (2011). Validity of using the assessment of motor and process skills to determine the need for assistance. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 65, 643–650.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, A. (1922). The philosophy of occupation therapy. Archives of Occupational Therapy, 1, 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Molineux, M. L., & Whiteford, G. E. (1999). Prisons: From occupational deprivation to occupational enrichment. Journal of Occupational Science, 6, 124–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moll, S. E., Gewurtz, R. E., Krupa, T. M., Law, M. C., Larivière, N., & Levasseur, M. (2015). “Do-live-well” A canadian framework for promoting occupation, health, and well-being. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 82, 9–23.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mueser, K. T., Goodman, L. B., Trumbetta, S. L., Rosenberg, S. D., Osher, F. C., Vidaver, R., et al. (1998). Trauma and posttraumatic stress disorder in severe mental illness. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66(3), 493–499.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Myin-Germeys, I., Nicolson, N., & Delespaul, P. A. (2001). The context of delusional experiences in the daily life of patients with schizophrenia. Psychological Medicine, 31(03), 489–498.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nan Stromberg, M. (2004). Sensory approaches in inpatient psychiatric settings: Innovative alternatives to seclusion and restraint. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 42(9), 34.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Neville, A., Kreisberg, A., & Kielhofner, G. (1985). Temporal dysfunction in schizophrenia. Occupational Therapy in Mental Health, 5, 1–19.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nix, G. A., Ryan, R. M., Manly, J. B., & Deci, E. L. (1999). Revitalization through self-regulation: The effects of autonomous and controlled motivation on happiness and vitality. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35, 266–284.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Noordsy, D., Torrey, W., Mueser, K., Mead, S., O’Keefe, C., & Fox, L. (2002). Recovery from severe mental illness: An intrapersonal and functional outcome definition. International Review of Psychiatry, 14, 318–326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Osmond, H. (1957). Function as the basis of psychiatric ward design. Psychiatric Services, 8(4), 23–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peloquin, S. M. (1995). The fullness of empathy: Reflections and illustrations. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 49, 24–31.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pentland, W., & McColl, M. A. (2008). Occupational integrity: Another perspective on “life balance”. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 75(3), 135–138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Persson, D., Erlandsson, L., Eklund, M., & Iwarsson, S. (2001). Value dimensions, meaning, and complexity in human occupation-a tentative structure for analysis. Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 8, 7–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peterburs, J., Nitsch, A. M., Miltner, W., & Straube, T. (2013). Impaired representation of time in schizophrenia is linked to positive symptoms and cognitive demand. PLoS ONE, 8(6), e67615.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Pettie, D., & Triolo, A. M. (1999). Illness as evolution: The search for identity and meaning in the recovery process. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 22(3), 255–262.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pieris, Y., & Craik, C. (2004). Factors enabling and hindering participation in leisure for people with mental health problems. The British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 67, 240–247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pilling, S., Bebbington, P., Kuipers, E., Garety, P., Geddes, J., Martindale, B., et al. (2002). Psychological treatments in schizophrenia: II. Meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials of social skills training and cognitive remediation. Psychological Medicine, 32, 783–791.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Polatajko, H., Townsend, E., & Craik, J. (2007). Canadian model of occupational performance and engagement (CMOP-E). In E. A. Townsend & H. J. Polatajko (Eds.), Enabling occupation II: Advancing an occupational therapy vision for health, well-being, and justice through occupation (p. 23). Ottawa, Canada: CAOT Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Polkinghorne, D. E. (1996). Transformative narratives: From victimic to agentic life plots. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 50, 299–305.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pörn, I. (1993). Health and adaptedness. Theoretical Medicine, 14, 295–303.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Punwar, A. J., & Peloquin, S. M. (2000). Occupational therapy: Principles and practice. Baltimore, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quirk, A., & Lelliott, P. (2001). What do we know about life on acute psychiatric wards in the UK? A review of the research evidence. Social Science and Medicine, 53, 1565–1574.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Quirk, A., Lelliott, P., & Seale, C. (2006). The permeable institution: An ethnographic study of three acute psychiatric wards in london. Social Science and Medicine, 63(8), 2105–2117.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rebeiro, K. L., & Cook, J. V. (1999). Opportunity, not prescription: An exploratory study of the experience of occupational engagement. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 66(4), 176–187.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reilly, M. (1962). Occupational therapy can be one of the great ideas of 20th century medicine. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 16, 1–9.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Reker, G. T., & Wong, P. P. (1988). Aging as an individual process: Toward a theory of personal meaning. In J. E. Birren & V. L. Bengston (Eds.), Emergent theories of aging (pp. 214–246). New York, NY: Springer.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, K., Kennedy, N., & Harmon, D. (2012). Happiness: A review of evidence relevant to occupational science. Journal of Occupational Science, 19, 150–164.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roley, S. S., DeLany, J. V., Barrows, C. J., Brownrigg, S., Honaker, D., Sava, D. I., et al. (2008). Occupational therapy practice framework: Domain and process. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 62, 625–683.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rose, A. (1999). Spirituality and palliative care: The attitudes of occupational therapists. The British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 62, 307–312.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosen, A., Hadzi-Pavlovic, D., & Parker, G. (1989). The life skills profile: A measure assessing function and disability in schizophrenia. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 15, 325–337.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rudnick, A. (2002). The goals of psychiatric rehabilitation: An ethical analysis. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 25, 310–313.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rüesch, P., Graf, J., Meyer, P., Rössler, W., & Hell, D. (2004). Occupation, social support and quality of life in persons with schizophrenic or affective disorders. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 39, 686–694.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2001). On happiness and human potentials: A review of research on hedonic and eudaimonic well-being. Annual Review of Psychology, 52, 141–166.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, R. M., LaGuardia, J. G., & Rawsthorne, L. J. (2005). Self-complexity and the authenticity of self-aspects: Effects on well being and resilience to stressful events. North American Journal of Psychology, 7, 431–448.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryff, C. D., & Singer, B. (1998). The contours of positive human health. Psychological Inquiry, 9, 1–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ryff, C. D., Singer, B. H., & Love, G. D. (2004). Positive health: Connecting well-being with biology. Philosophical Transactions-Royal Society of London Series B, Biological Sciences, 359, 1383–1394.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • SAMHSA. (2011). Consensus definition of recovery in behavioral health. http://blog.samhsa.gov/2011/12/22/samhsa%E2%80%99s-definition-and-guiding-principles-of-recovery. Accessed February 1, 2015.

  • Sanders, M. J., & Van Oss, T. (2013). Using daily routines to promote medication adherence in older adults. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 67, 91–99.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scanlan, J. N., & Novak, T. (2015). Sensory approaches in mental health: A scoping review. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 62, 277–285.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Selye, H. (1976). Stress without distress. New York: Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Shattell, M. M., Andes, M., & Thomas, S. P. (2008). How patients and nurses experience the acute care psychiatric environment. Nursing Inquiry, 15, 242–250.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sheldon, K. M., Cummins, R., & Kamble, S. (2010). Life balance and well-being: Testing a novel conceptual and measurement approach. Journal of Personality, 78, 1093–1134.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sheldon, K. M., & Elliot, A. J. (1999). Goal striving, need satisfaction, and longitudinal well-being: The self-concordance model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 482–497.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sheldon, K. M., & Kasser, T. (1998). Pursuing personal goals: Skills enable progress, but not all progress is beneficial. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 1319–1331.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sheldon, K. M., Ryan, R. M., Deci, E. L., & Kasser, T. (2004). The independent effects of goal contents and motives on well-being: It’s both what you pursue and why you pursue it. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 30, 475–486.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shumaker, S. A., & Reizenstein, J. E. (1982). Environmental factors affecting inpatient stress in acute care hospitals. In G. Evans (Ed.), Environmental stress (pp. 179–223). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson, A., Bowers, L., Alexander, J., Ridley, C., & Warren, J. (2005). Occupational therapy and multidisciplinary working on acute psychiatric wards: The Tompkins acute ward study. The British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 68, 545–552.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, S., & Suto, M. J. (2012). Religious and/or spiritual practices: Extending spiritual freedom to people with schizophrenia. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 79(2), 77–85.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stadnyk, R. L., Townsend, E. A., & Wilcock, A. A. (2010). Occupational justice. In C. H. Christiansen & E. A. Townsend (Eds.), Introduction to occupation: The art and science of living (pp. 329–358). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson.

    Google Scholar 

  • Steger, M. F., Kashdan, T. B., & Oishi, S. (2008). Being good by doing good: Daily eudaimonic activity and well-being. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 22–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stolovy, T., Lev-Wiesel, R., Doron, A., & Gelkopf, M. (2009). The meaning in life for hospitalized patients with schizophrenia. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 197, 133–135.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suto, M., & Frank, G. (1994). Future time perspective and daily occupations of persons with chronic schizophrenia in a board and care home. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 48, 7–18.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sutton, D. J., Hocking, C. S., & Smythe, L. A. (2012). A phenomenological study of occupational engagement in recovery from mental illness. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 79, 142–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sutton, D., Wilson, M., Van Kessel, K., & Vanderpyl, J. (2013). Optimizing arousal to manage aggression: A pilot study of sensory modulation. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 22, 500–511.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sylvia, L. G., Alloy, L. B., Hafner, J. A., Gauger, M. C., Verdon, K., & Abramson, L. Y. (2009). Life events and social rhythms in bipolar spectrum disorders: A prospective study. Behavior Therapy, 40, 131–141.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thibeault, R., & Blackmer, E. (1987). Validating a test of functional performance with psychiatric patients. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 41, 515–521.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Thomson, L. K. (1992). The Kohlman evaluation of living skills. Rockville, MD: American Occupational Therapy Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Timko, C. (1996). Physical characteristics of residential psychiatric and substance abuse programs: Organizational determinants and patient outcomes. American Journal of Community Psychology, 24, 173–192.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tryssenaar, J., Jones, E. J., & Lee, D. (1999). Occupational performance needs of a shelter population. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 66, 188–196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tysk, L. (1984). A longitudinal study of time estimation in psychotic disorders. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 59, 779–789.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ulrich, R. S., Simons, R. F., Losito, B. D., Fiorito, E., Miles, M. A., & Zelson, M. (1991). Stress recovery during exposure to natural and urban environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 11, 201–230.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ulrich, R. S., Simons, R. F., & Miles, M. A. (2003). Effects of environmental simulations and television on blood donor stress. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 20, 38–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Useem, B. (1985). Disorganization and the New Mexico prison riot of 1980. American Sociological Review, 50, 677–688.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van der Kolk, B. A., Roth, S., Pelcovitz, D., Sunday, S., & Spinazzola, J. (2005). Disorders of extreme stress: The empirical foundation of a complex adaptation to trauma. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18, 389–399.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van Niekerk, L. (2009). Participation in work: A source of wellness for people with psychiatric disability. Work, 32, 455–465.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Versluys, H. P. (1980). The remediation of role disorders through focused group work. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 34, 609–614.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wade, A. G. (2006). Sleep problems in depression: How do they impact treatment and recovery? International Journal of Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, 10(sup1), 38–44.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wagman, P., Håkansson, C., & Björklund, A. (2012). Occupational balance as used in occupational therapy: A concept analysis. Scandinavian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 19, 322–327.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Walker, K. F., & Ludwig, F. M. (2004). Perspectives on theory for the practice of occupational therapy (3rd ed.). Austin, TX: Pro Ed.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wallace, C., Liberman, R., MacKain, S., Eckman, T., & Blackwell, G. (1992). The effectiveness and replicability of modules to train social and independent living skills. American Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 654–658.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Waters, D. (1995). Recovering from a depressive episode using the Canadian occupational performance measure. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 62, 278–282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weeder, T. C. (1986). Comparison of temporal patterns and meaningfulness of the daily activities of schizophrenic and normal adults. Occupational Therapy in Mental Health, 6(4), 27–48.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whiteford, G. (1997). Occupational deprivation and incarceration. Journal of Occupational Science, 4(3), 126–130.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilcock, A. A. (1993). A theory of the human need for occupation. Journal of Occupational Science, 1, 17–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilcock, A. A. (2003). Occupational science: The study of humans as occupational beings. In P. Kramer, J. Hinojosa, & C. Royeen (Eds.), Perspectives in human occupation: Participation in life (pp. 156–180). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilcock, A. A. (2007). Occupation and health: Are they one and the same? Journal of Occupational Science, 14, 3–8.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilcock, A. A., Van Der Arend, H., Darling, K., Scholz, J., Siddall, R., Snigg, C., et al. (1998). An exploratory study of people’s perceptions and experiences of wellbeing. The British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 61(2), 75–82.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Woodside, H., Schell, L., & Allison-Hedges, J. (2006). Listening for recovery: The vocational success of people living with mental illness. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 73, 36–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. (2004). Promoting mental health: concepts, emerging evidence, practice. Geneva: Author.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wulff, K., Dijk, D. J., Middleton, B., Foster, R. G., & Joyce, E. M. (2012). Sleep and circadian rhythm disruption in schizophrenia. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 200, 308–316.

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wulff, K., Porcheret, K., Cussans, E., & Foster, R. G. (2009). Sleep and circadian rhythm disturbances: Multiple genes and multiple phenotypes. Current Opinion in Genetics & Development, 19, 237–246.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yalmambirra. (2000). Black time… white time: My time… your time. Journal of Occupational Science, 7, 133–137.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yerxa, E. J. (1992). Some implications of occupational therapy’s history for its epistemology, values, and relation to medicine. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 46, 79–83.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yerxa, E. J. (1993). Occupational science: A new source of power for participants in occupational therapy. Journal of Occupational Science, 1, 3–9.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yerxa, E. J. (1998). Health and the human spirit for occupation. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 52, 412–418.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yerxa, E. J. (2000). Occupational science: A renaissance of service to humankind through knowledge. Occupational Therapy International, 7, 87–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yerxa, E. J. (2002). Habits in context: A synthesis, with implications for research in occupational science. OTJR: Occupation, Participation and Health, 22(1 suppl.), 104S–110S.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zahorik, P., & Jenison, R. L. (1998). Presence as being-in-the-world. Presence, 7, 78–89.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Monica M. Jackman .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Jackman, M.M. (2016). Occupational Therapy Services. In: Singh, N., Barber, J., Van Sant, S. (eds) Handbook of Recovery in Inpatient Psychiatry . Evidence-Based Practices in Behavioral Health. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40537-7_12

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics