Skip to main content

Involving Communities as Skilled Learners: The STRAP Framework

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Methodological Reflections on Researching Communication and Social Change

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in Communication for Social Change ((PSCSC))

Abstract

Conducting research in the field of development and social change entails working with communities, disadvantaged individuals and grassroots groups. This chapter takes such communities as skilled learners, and offers a ready-to-use community engagement checklist for research that is mindful of power relations. It explores five challenges, namely sharing, translation, relevance, accountability and power (STRAP), presented in the form of practical ‘questions’ that researchers should consider when doing fieldwork. The STRAP approach has the ability to create meaningful connections between researchers and the research subjects, while embedding the research into the process of social change itself. The chapter is illustrated with examples from our fieldwork with community Internet projects and radio stations across the world, and rural communities and grassroots women’s groups in Bosnia-Herzegovina.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

Bibliography

  • Adler, P., Peter Adler, and Burke E. Rochford Jr. 1986. The politics of participation in field research. Urban Life 14(4): 363–377.

    Google Scholar 

  • American Political Science Association (APSA). 2012. A guide to professional ethics in political science. 2nd edn. Revised 2012. http://www.apsanet.org/portals/54/Files/Publications/APSAEthicsGuide2012.pdf. Accessed 20 May 2012.

  • Benford, R.D. 1991. Framing Activity, Meaning, and Social Movement Participation: The Nuclear Disarmament Movement. Ann Arbor: UMI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boyer, E.L. 1996. The Scholarship of Engagement. Journal of Public Service & Outreach 1: 11–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carragee, Kevin M., and Lawrence R. Frey. 2016. Communication activism research: Engaged communication scholarship for social justice. International Journal of Communication 10: 3975–3999.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chesters, G. 2012. Social Movements and the Ethics of Knowledge Production. Social Movement Studies 11: 145–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cox, L., and C. Forminaya. 2009. Movement Knowledge: What Do We Know, How Do We Create Knowledge and What Do We Do with It? Interface: A Journal For and About Social Movements 1: 1–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Croteau, D., W. Hoynes, and C. Ryan, eds. 2005. Rhyming Hope and History: Activists, Academics, and Social Movement Scholarship. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • della Porta, D. 2014. Methodological Practices in Social Movement Research, 1 edn. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Denzin, N.K., and Y.S. Lincoln. 2005. Introduction. The Discipline and Practice of Qualitative Research. In The Sage Handbook of Qualitative Research, eds. N.K. Denzin, and Y.S. Lincoln. Thousands Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dewey, J. 1927. The Public and Its Problems. Denver, CO: Swallow Press/Ohio University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diamond, L. 2010. Liberation Technology. Journal of Democracy 3: 69–83.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Enghel, F. 2015. Towards a Political Economy of Communication in Development? Nordicom Review 36: 11–24.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Flacks, R. 2005. The Questions of Relevance in Social Movement Studies. In Rhyming Hope and History: Activists, Academics, and Social Movement Scholarship, eds. D. Croteau, W. Hoynes, and C. Ryan. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freire, P. 1994. Foreword. In Participatory communication for social change, ed. S. White, J. Ascroft, and S. Nair, 12–14. New Delhi: Sage Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Freire, P. 2012. Pedagogy of the Oppressed. New York and London: Bloomsbury Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gamson, W.A. 1992. Talking Politics. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hine, C. 2005. Virtual Methods and the Sociology of Cyber-Social-Scientific Knowledge. In Virtual Methods. Issues in Social Research on the Internet, ed. C. Hine. Oxford and New York: Berg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hintz, A., and S. Milan. 2010. Social science is police science. Researching grassroots activism. International Journal of Communication 4: 837–344.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kivits, J. 2005. Online interviewing and the research relationship. In Virtual methods: Issues in social research on the internet, ed. Christine Hine, 35–50. Oxford: Berg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kvale, S. 1996. Interviews: An introduction to qualitative research interviewing. Thousand Oaks: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kvale, S., and S. Brinkmann. 2009. Interviews: Learning the Craft of Qualitative Research Interviewing. Los Angeles and London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, A.G. 2012. Ethics, activism and the anti-colonial: Social movement research as resistance. Social Movement Studies 11(2): 227–240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malthaner, S. 2014. Fieldwork in the Context of Violent Conflict and Authoritarian Regimes. In Methodological Practices in Social Movement Research, ed. D. della Porta. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matos, S. 2013. Designing Food Cultures: Propagating the Consumption of Seaweed in the Azores Islands Through Recipes. Iridescent, Icograda Journal of Design Research 2: 24–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Melucci, A. 1992. Frontier Land. Collective Action Between Actors and Systems. In Studying Collective Action, eds. M. Diani, and R. Eyerman. London: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— 1996. Challenging Codes. Collective Action in the Information Age. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Milan, S. 2010. Towards an Epistemology of Engaged Research. International Journal of Communication 4: 856–858.

    Google Scholar 

  • ——— 2013. Social Movements and Their Technologies: Wiring Social Change. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Moravcsik, A. 2014. Transparency: The Revolution in Qualitative Research. PS: Political Science & Politics 47: 48–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, C., and K. Jeffreys. 2008. The Practice of Collaborative Theorizing, Unpublished manuscript.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ryan, C., V. Salas-Wright, M. Anastario, and G. Camara. 2010. Making Research Matter… Matter to Whom? International Journal of Communication 4: 845–855.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snow, D.A., R. Benford, and L. Anderson. 1986. Fieldwork Roles and Informational Yield: A Comparison of Alternative Settings and Roles. Urban Life 14: 377–408.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stoecker, R. 2005. Research Methods for Community Change. Thousands Oaks, CA: Sage.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Underwood, e.d., and L.R. Frey. 2008. Communication and Community: Clarifying the Connection Across the Communication Community. In Communication Yearbook, vol 31, ed. C.S. Beck. New York, NY: Lawrence Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Bank, World Congress on Communication for Development. 2007. Lessons, Challenges, and the Way Forward, The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Washington, DC: World Bank.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Milan, C., Milan, S. (2016). Involving Communities as Skilled Learners: The STRAP Framework. In: Wildermuth, N., Ngomba, T. (eds) Methodological Reflections on Researching Communication and Social Change. Palgrave Studies in Communication for Social Change. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40466-0_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics