Skip to main content

Herbal and Traditional Medicines, Now and Future

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Pharmacovigilance

Abstract

Herbal medicines (HM) include herbs, herbal materials, herbal preparations (comminuted or powdered herbal materials, or extracts, tinctures, and fatty oils of herbal materials), and finished or manufactured herbal products found in pharmaceutical dosage forms (tablets, capsules) [1]. Although there are few reliable estimates of the prevalence in use of HM [2], the market for HM continues to expand rapidly and has grown into a multibillion-dollar industry across the world [3]. The influence of religious, sociocultural, and socioeconomic issues, traditional practices, and belief in the use of HM is evident, particularly in Chinese, Indian, and African societies. Documented use of HM in Western societies is also high [4, 5]. Among consumers, there is widespread belief that remedies of natural origin are safe. Worldwide, most HM can be obtained from various sources without a prescription.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  1. World Health Organization (2004) WHO guidelines on safety monitoring of herbal medicines in pharmacovigilance systems. WHO, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  2. Fugh-Berman A, Ernst E (2001) Herb-drug interactions: review and assessment of report reliability. Br J Clin Pharmacol 52:587–595

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  3. De Smet PA (2002) Herbal remedies. N Engl J Med 347:20–2056

    Google Scholar 

  4. Barnes J, Abbot NC, Harkness EF, Ernst E (1999) Articles on complementary medicine in the mainstream medical literature: an investigation of Medline, 1966 through 1996. Arch Intern Med 159:1721–1725

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Fisher P, Ward A (1994) Medicine in Europe: complementary medicine in Europe. Br Med J 309:107–111

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  6. Mintel International Group Ltd. (2003) Complementary medicines, UK. Mintel International Group Limited, London

    Google Scholar 

  7. Eisenberg DM, Davis RB, Ettner SL, Appel S, Wilkey S, Van Rompay M, Kessler RC (1998) Trends in alternative medicine use in the United States, 1990–1997: results of a national follow-up survey. JAMA 280:1569–1975

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. MacLennan AH, Wilson DH, Taylor AW (2002) The escalating cost and prevalence of alternative medicine. Prev Med 35:166–173

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Skalli S, Zaid A, Soulaymani R (2007) Drug interactions with herbal medicines. Ther Drug Monit 29:679–686

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Skalli S, Soulaymani Bencheikh R (2012) Safety monitoring of herb-drug interactions: a component of pharmacovigilance. Drug Saf 35:785–791

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Zhao Z, Liang Z, Chan K, Lu G, Lee E, Chen H, Li L (2010) A unique issue in the standardization of Chinese material medica: processing. Planta Med 76:1975–1986

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Zhang L, Yan J, Liu X, Ye Z, Yang X, Meyboom R (2012) Pharmacovigilance practice and risk control of Traditional Chinese Medicine drugs in China: current status and future perspective. J Ethnopharmacol 140:519–525

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. World Health Organization (2003) WHO guidelines on good agricultural and collection practices (GACP) for medicinal plants. WHO, Geneva

    Google Scholar 

  14. Jordan SA, Cunningham DG, Marles RJ (2010) Assessment of herbal medicinal products: challenges, and opportunities to increase the knowledge base for safety assessment. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 243:198–216

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Mullaicharam AR (2011) Counterfeit herbal medicine. Int J Nutr Pharmacol Neurol Dis 2:97–102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Kaufman DW, Kelly JP, Rosenberg L, Anderson TE, Mitchell AA (2002) Recent patterns of medication use in the ambulatory adult population of the United States: the Slone survey. JAMA 287:337–344

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Makino T, Inagaki T, Komatsu K, Kano Y (2004) Pharmacokinetic interactions between Japanese traditional medicine (Kampo) and modern medicine (III). Effect of Sho-seiryu-to on the pharmacokinetics of azelastine hydrochloride in rats. Biol Pharm Bull 27:670–673

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Haller CA, Benowitz NL (2000) Adverse cardiovascular and central nervous system events associated with dietary supplements containing ephedra alkaloids. N Engl J Med 343:1833–1838

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. Samenuk D, Link MS, Homoud MK, Contreras R, Theoharides TC, Wang PJ, Estes NA (2002) Adverse cardiovascular events temporally associated with ma huang, an herbal source of ephedrine. Mayo Clin Proc 77:12–16

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Skalli S, Soulaymani R (2002) A propos des produits Herbalife. L’Officinal 28:4

    Google Scholar 

  21. Chung MK (2004) Vitamins, supplements, herbal medicines, and arrhythmias. Cardiol Rev 12:73–84

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Johns Cupp M (1999) Herbal remedies: adverse effects and drug interactions. Am Fam Physician 59:1239–1247

    Google Scholar 

  23. Murray E, Pollack L, White M, Lo B (2007) Clinical decision-making: patients’ preferences and experiences. Patient Educ Couns 65:189–196

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Lexchin J (2006) Is there still a role for spontaneous reporting of adverse drug reactions? CMAJ 174:191–192

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  25. Zhang X (1998) Regulatory situation of herbal medicines a worldwide review. Geneva, WHO, Traditional Medicine Programme

    Google Scholar 

  26. Skalli S, Soulaymani Bencheikh R (2015) Pharmacovigilance of herbal medicines in Africa: questionnaire study. J Ethnopharmacol 171:99–108

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. “Directive 2004/24/EC.” Official journal L 136, 30/04/2004 P. 0085–0090. http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:32004L0024. Accessed 11 May 2014

  28. “Traditional herbal medicines: registration form and guidance – GOV.UK.” https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/traditional-herbal-medicines-r. Accessed 15 May 2015

  29. Fan TP, Deal G, Koo HL, Rees D, Sun H, Chen S, Dou JH, Makarov VG, Pozharitskaya ON, Shikov AN, Kim YS, Huang YT, Chang YS, Jia W, Dias A, Wong VC, Chan K (2012) Future development of global regulations of Chinese herbal products. J Ethnopharmacol 140:568–586

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  30. Shakir SAW (2002) PEM in the UK. In: Mann RD, Andrews EB (eds) Pharmacovigilance. Wiley, Chicester, pp 333–344

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  31. Gogolak VV (2003) The effect of backgrounds in safety analysis: the impact of comparison cases on what you see. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 12:249–252

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Barnes J (2003) Pharmacovigilance of herbal medicines a UK perspective. Drug Saf 26:829–851

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. Vedavathy S (2003) Scope and importance of traditional medicine. Indian J Tradit Knowl 3:236–239

    Google Scholar 

  34. Barnes J (2003) Quality, efficacy and safety of complementary medicines: fashions, facts and the future, part I: regulation and quality. Br J Clin Pharmacol 55:226–233

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  35. Barnes J (2003) Quality, efficacy and safety of complementary medicines: fashions, facts and the future, part II: efficacy and safety. Br J Clin Pharmacol 55:331–340

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  36. Choonara I (2003) Safety of herbal medicines in children. Arch Dis Child 88:1032–1033

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  37. Krochmal R, Hardy M, Bowerman S (2004) Phytochemical assays of commercial botanical dietary supplements. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 1:305–313

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  38. Menniti-Ippolito F, Mazzanti G, Firenzuoli F, Bianchi A, Raschetti R (2005) Pilot study for the surveillance of adverse reactions to herbal preparations and dietary supplements. Ann Ist Super Sanita 1:39–42

    Google Scholar 

  39. Coxeter PD, McLachlan AJ, Duke CC, Roufoqalis BD (2004) Herb-drug interactions: an evidence based approach. Curr Med Chem 11:1513–1525

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  40. Roe AL, Paine MF, Gurley BJ, Brouwer KR, Jordan SA, Griffiths JC (2016) Reg Toxicol Pharmacol 76:1–6

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  41. Kales HC, Blow FC, Welsh DE, Mellow AM (2004) Herbal products and other supplements: use by elderly veterans with depression and dementia and their caregivers. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 17:25–31

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  42. Woodward KN (2005) The potential impact of the use of homeopathic and herbal remedies on monitoring the safety of prescription products. Hum Exp Toxicol 24:219–233

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  43. Berry DC, Knapp PR, Raynor DK (2002) Is 15 % very common: informing people about the risks of medication side effects. Int J Pharm Pract 10:145–151

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. Firenzuoli F, Gori L, Neri D (2005) Fitoterapiaclinica: opportunita’ e problematiche. Ann Ist Super Sanita 41:27–33

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  45. Aronson JK (2004) Classifying drug interactions. Br J Clin Pharmacol 58:343–344

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Souad Skalli .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Skalli, S., Jordan, S.A. (2017). Herbal and Traditional Medicines, Now and Future. In: Edwards, I., Lindquist, M. (eds) Pharmacovigilance. Adis, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40400-4_14

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40400-4_14

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Adis, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-40399-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-40400-4

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics