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Cancer, Heart Diseases and Common Risk Factors: Diet and Physical Activity

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Manual of Cardio-oncology

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Abstract

Lifestyle and diet are recognized as risk factors determinants in the pathogenesis of cancer and cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular diseases and many cancers share the same risk factors, and the strategies useful to prevent cardiovascular diseases are often useful to prevent various kinds of cancer and vice versa. Reduction in sugar-sweetened beverages is important for reducing both cardiovascular and cancer risk in individuals. Whole grain foods substantially lower the risk of CAD, diabetes, and cancer and also play a role in body weight management and digestive health; high consumption of whole grains or cereal fiber was significantly associated with reduced risk of all-cause mortality and death from CVD, cancer, diabetes, respiratory disease, infections, and other causes. There is a strong concordant evidence that fruit (both fresh and nuts) and vegetable consumption lowers CVD and cancer risk. There are significant differences amongst the different types of fruits, vegetables, or their juices, according to the way they are cultivated (open air versus green houses; southern versus northern countries). To obtain the most beneficial effects, the diet should include a large variety of different fruits and vegetables, preferring season foods. The cardiovascular and cancer risk linked to eating meat is mostly due to the quality (fresh or processed) and the type of cooking. A moderate intake of meat seems to be safe. Dairy foods are a good source of proteins, calcium, and other nutrients and should not be banned from the diet. However, they should be used as an alternative to meat in the meal. Lowering the sodium intake is beneficial for preventing both cardiovascular diseases and stomach cancer. A diet including a variety of foods (different fruits and vegetables) is likely to provide the necessary amount of vitamins and micronutrients. The intake of dietary supplements (or of “fortified foods”) is not recommended.

Sedentary behavior and limited physical activity are associated with a higher risk of hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and some cancers. Physical activity interacts with a plethora of metabolic and health-related functions, independently of energy balance: insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and endothelial function. There are several mechanism through which physical activity may affect cardiovascular and cancer risk: reduces inflammatory cytokines, lowering the risk for both atherosclersis and most cancers; decreased insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and type 2 diabetes (factors linked to the risk of CAD and of breast, colon, pancreas, and endometrial cancer); in postmenopausal women, it lowers estrogen and progesterone levels, reducing the risk of endometrial and some other types of breast cancers; increases gut motility, leading to a reduced exposure to food carcinogenenic substances, contributing to a reduced risk of colon cancer. Convincing epidemiologic evidence indicates that physical activity is inversely associated with breast, colon, endometrial, and gastric cancer. Physical activity has the rationale for reducing the adverse effects of antineoplastic treatments on the cardiovascular system. Physical activity after the diagnosis of breast and colon cancer reduce the risk of recurrence.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Medical Oncology Unit, Umberto I Hospital, Siracusa, Italy

    Paolo Tralongo

  2. Cardiology Unit, IRCCS CRO-National Cancer Institute, Aviano (PN), Italy

    Chiara Lestuzzi

  3. Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology Center, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy

    Francesco Furlanello

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  1. Paolo Tralongo
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  2. Chiara Lestuzzi
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  3. Francesco Furlanello
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Correspondence to Chiara Lestuzzi .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Cardiology Unit, IRCCS CRO-National Cancer Institute, Aviano (PN), Italy

    Chiara Lestuzzi

  2. Cardiology Unit, National Cancer Institute “Giovanni Paolo II”, Bari, Italy

    Stefano Oliva

  3. Medical Oncology Unit, Ospedale San Vincenzo, Taormina, Italy

    Francesco Ferraù

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Tralongo, P., Lestuzzi, C., Furlanello, F. (2017). Cancer, Heart Diseases and Common Risk Factors: Diet and Physical Activity. In: Lestuzzi, C., Oliva, S., Ferraù, F. (eds) Manual of Cardio-oncology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40236-9_3

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