Skip to main content

Termination Spoiling: Sabotage and Obstruction

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Fighting Over Peace

Part of the book series: Rethinking Political Violence ((RPV))

  • 327 Accesses

Abstract

By qualitatively examining the impact of various types of spoiling, Chap. 4 shows that most termination spoilers are simply too weak to derail the peace agreement on their own, and in many cases, their behavior is anticipated, blunting any effect they might have on popular opinion. Most are ignored by insiders, though in some cases, outsiders use spoiling to demonstrate their power and importance, which leads to them signing separate peace agreements with the government in the future. Termination spoiling presents a danger to peace only when outsiders are acting on behest of a government that is disinterested in complying with the agreement or key powerful actors were excluded from the initial accord.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Bibliography

  • ABC News. 1999. 7.30 Report—17/8/1999: Video Footage Shows Militia Incited to Violence in East Timor. August 17. http://www.abc.net.au/7.30/stories/s44577.htm. Accessed 31 Jan 2016.

  • Abdallah, Abdo A. 2008. State Building, Independence and Post-Conflict Reconstruction in Djibouti. In Post-Conflict Peace-Building in the Horn of Africa, ed. Ulf Johansson Dahre, 269–279. Lund, Sweden: Media-Tryck Sociologen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Africa Confidential. 1991. Liberia: Wild Cards in the Pack. November 22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Africa Research Bulletin. 2003. Chad-Libya: Rebel Accusation. Africa Research Bulletin: Social, Political and Cultural Series 40(7); 15368.

    Google Scholar 

  • Agence France Presse. 2002. Opposition Politician Kidnapped in Chad: Military. May 19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alden, Chris, Monika Thakur, and Matthew Arnold. 2011. Militias and the Challenges of Post-Conflict Peace. London, UK: Zed Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen, William J. 2000. Crisis in Democracy: Operation Uphold Democracy. In Short of War: Major U.S.A.F. Contingency Operations, ed. Timothy A. Warnock, 229–236. Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alvarez, Enrique, and Tania Palencia Prado. 2002. Guatemala’s Peace Process: Context, Analysis and Evaluation. Conciliation Resources. http://www.c-r.org/accord/public-participation/guatemala-s-peace-process-context-analysis-and-evaluation. Accessed 27 Nov 2015; 21 Jan 2016.

  • Amnesty International. 1996. El Salvador: The Spectre of Death Squads. December 1. https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/AMR29/015/1996/en/. Accessed 31 Jan 2016.

  • Anderson, Sean K., and Stephen Sloan. 2009. Historical Dictionary of Terrorism, 3rd edn. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Balance, Jean-Marc, and Arnaud de la Grange, eds. 2005. Les Nouveaux Mondes Rebelles: Conflits, Terrorisme et Contestations. Paris, France: Éditions Michalon.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 1998a. New Loyalist Group Threatens Peace. November 27. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/events/northern_ireland/latest_news/223209.stm. Accessed 31 Jan 2016.

  • ———. 1998b. LVF Repeats Peace Pledge. October 30. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/events/northern_ireland/latest_news/204546.stm. Accessed 31 Jan 2016.

  • ———. 2001a. Macedonia Rebels Fear Reprisals. September 4. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1525364.stm. Accessed 31 Jan 2016.

  • ———. 2001b. Macedonia Police Killed in Ambush. November 12. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1650954.stm. Accessed 31 Jan 2016.

  • ———. 2006a. Darfur Peace Deal Deadline Passes. June 1. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/5034020.stm. Accessed 31 Jan 2016.

  • ———. 2008a. Burundi Rebels in Ceasefire Pact. May 26. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7420067.stm. Accessed 31 Jan 2016.

  • ———. 2008b. Somali Parliament to Be Doubled. November 26. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7751090.stm. Accessed 31 Jan 2016.

  • ———. 2014. Philippines Signs Landmark Deal to End Muslim Uprising. March 27. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-26766215. Accessed 31 Jan 2016.

  • Beamish, Rita. 1989. Bush Will Lift Trade Embargo if Nicaraguan Opposition Candidate Wins. Associated Press, November 8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beardsley, Kyle. 2011. The Mediation Dilemma. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beidas, Sandra, Colin Granderson, and Rachel Neild. 2007. Justice and Security Reform after Intervention: Haiti. In Constructing Justice and Security after War, ed. Charles T. Call, 69–112. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blaxland, John, ed. 2015. East Timor Intervention: A Retrospective on INTERFET. Melbourne, Australia: Melbourne University Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blaydes, Lisa, and Jennifer De Maio. 2010. Spoiling the Peace? Peace Process Exclusivity and Political Violence in North-Central Africa. Civil Wars 12(1): 3–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bolukbasi, Suha. 2011. Azerbaijan: A Political History. New York, NY: I.B. Tauris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Boudreaux, Richard. 1990. Chamorro, Allies Have Their First Spat: Nicaragua: Now that the Sandinistas are Defeated, What Can the 14 Parties in the New Coalition Find to Agree On? Los Angeles Times, March 2. http://articles.latimes.com/1990-03-02/news/mn-1631_1_party-leaders. Accessed 31 Jan 2016.

  • Braithwaite, John, Hilary Charlesworth, Peter Reddy, and Leah Dunn. 2010. Reconciliation and Architectures of Commitment: Sequencing Peace in Bougainville. Canberra, Australia: Australian National University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bruce, Steve. 2001. Fundamentalism and Political Violence: The Case of Paisley and Ulster Evangelicals. Religion 31(4): 387–405.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chalk, Peter. 2007. The Davao Consensus: A Panacea for the Muslim Insurgency in Mindanao? Terrorism and Political Violence 9(2): 79–98.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chernick, Marc W. 1999. Negotiating Peace amid Multiple Forms of Violence: The Protracted Search for a Settlement to the Armed Conflicts in Colombia. In Comparative Peace Processes in Latin America, ed. Cynthia J. Arnson, 159–195. Washington, DC: The Woodrow Wilson Center Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cornell, Svante E. 1999. The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict. Report No. 46, Department of East European Studies, Uppsala University. http://expert-translations.ro/uploads/Nagorno%20Karabah.pdf. Accessed 31 Jan 2016.

  • Cornell, Svante E 2001. Small Nations and Great Powers: A Study of Ethnopolitical Conflict in the Caucuses. London, UK: Curzon Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cunningham, David E. 2006. Veto Players and Civil War Duration. American Journal of Political Science 50(4): 875–892.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Curtis, Devon. 2003. The Peace Process in Burundi: Successful African Intervention? Global Insight 24, September. http://www.igd.org.za/jdownloads/Global%20Insight/gi_24.pdf. Accessed 31 Jan 2016.

  • Darby, John, and Roger Mac Ginty. 2000. Northern Ireland: Long, Cold Peace. In The Management of Peace Processes, eds. John Darby and Roger Mac Ginty, 61–106. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Deng, Luka Biong. 2005. The Sudan Comprehensive Peace Agreement: Will It Be Sustained? Civil Wars 7(3): 244–257.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deycard, Frédéric. 2012. Political Cultures and Tuareg Mobilizations: Rebels of Niger from Kaocen to the Mouvement des Nigériens Pour. In Understanding Collective Political Violence, ed. Yvan Guichaoua, 46–64. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Driscoll, Jesse. 2012. Commitment Problems or Bidding Wars? Rebel Fragmentation as Peace Building. Journal of Conflict Resolution 56(1): 118–149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Efron, Sonni. 1995. Azerbaijan Coup Attempt Crushed. The Los Angeles Times, March 18. http://articles.latimes.com/1995-03-18/news/mn-44128_1_police-unit. Accessed 31 Jan 2016.

  • Envio. 1991. Rebellion in the Ranks: Challenge from the Right. No. 114, January. http://www.envio.org.ni/articulo/2947. Accessed 31 Jan 2016.

  • Findley, Michael G., and Peter Rudloff. 2012. Combatant Fragmentation and the Dynamics of Civil Wars. British Journal of Political Science 42(4): 879–901.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greenhill, Kelly M., and Solomon Major. 2006. The Perils of Profiling: Civil War Spoilers and the Collapse of Intrastate Peace Accords. International Security 31(3): 7–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hatungimana, Adelin, Jenny Theron, and Anton Popic. 2007. Peace Agreements in Burundi: Assessing the Impact. In Conflict Trends 2007/3, 19–24. ACCORD. http://www.accord.org.za/images/downloads/ct/ct_2007_3.pdf. Accessed 31 Jan 2016.

  • Howard, Lise Morjé. 2008. UN Peacekeeping in Civil Wars. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howe, Herbert. 1996/1997. Lessons of Liberia: ECOMOG and Regional Peacekeeping. International Security 21(3): 145–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Human Rights Watch. 1993. World Report 1993—El Salvador. https://www.hrw.org/reports/1993/WR93/Amw-05.htm#P285_147071. Accessed 31 Jan 2016.

  • ———. 1996. Guatemala: Return to Violence: Refugees, Civil Patrollers, and Impunity. January 1996 Vol. 8, No. 1 (B). https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/1996/Guatemal.htm. Accessed 31 Jan 2016.

  • Ishiyama, John, and Anna Batta. 2011. Rebel Organizations and Conflict Management in Post-Conflict Societies 1990–2009. Civil Wars 13(4): 437–457.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, Lena. 2006. Tajikistan in the New Central Asia: Geopolitics, Great Power Rivalry and Radical Islam. New York, NY: I.B. Tauris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jonas, Susanne. 2000. Of Centaurs and Doves: Guatemala’s Peace Process. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kasaija, Apuuli Phillip. 2010. The UN-led Djibouti Peace Process for Somalia 2008–2009: Results and Problems. Journal of Contemporary African Studies 28(3): 261-282.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kydd, Andrew H., and Barbara F. Walter. 2002. Sabotaging the Peace: The Politics of Extremist Violence. International Organization 56(2): 263–296.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lasslett, Kristian. 2014. State Crime on the Margins of Empire: Rio Tinto, the War on Bougainville and Resistance to Mining. London, UK: Pluto Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lavallee, Guillaume. 2010. Sudan Rebel Chief Ready to Battle Khartoum. Agence France-Presse, December 12. http://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/sudan-rebel-chief-ready-battle-khartoum. Accessed 31 Jan 2016.

  • Lode, KÃ¥re. 2002. Mali’s Peace Process: Context, Analysis & Evaluation. Accord: An International Review of Peace Initiatives 13: 56–63. http://www.c-r.org/downloads/Accord%2013_11Mali's%20peace%20process_2002_ENG.pdf. Accessed 31 Jan 2016.

  • Lyons, Terrence. 1999. Voting for Peace: Postconflict Elections in Liberia. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mac Ginty, Roger. 2006. Northern Ireland: A Peace Process Thwarted by Accidental Spoiling. In Challenges to Peacebuilding: Managing Spoilers During Conflict Resolution, eds. Edward Newman and Oliver P. Richmond, 153–172. New York, NY: United Nations University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • May, Ron J. 2013. The Philippines: The Ongoing Saga of Moro Separatism. In Diminishing Conflicts in Asia and the Pacific: Why Some Subside and Other’s Don’t, eds. Edward Aspinall, Robin Jeffrey, and Anthony J. Regan, 221–234. New York, NY: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Melville, Christopher. 2005. Regime Strikes New Deal with Northern Chadian Rebel Group. Global Insight Daily Analysis, August 19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Minorities at Risk Project. 2010. Chronology for Afars in Djibouti. Center for International Development and Conflict Management. http://www.cidcm.umd.edu/mar/chronology.asp?groupId=52201. Accessed 31 Jan 2016.

  • Mutwol, Julius. 2009. Peace Agreements and Civil Wars in Africa: Insurgent Motivations, State Responses, and Third-Party Peacemaking in Liberia, Rwanda, and Sierra Leone. Amherst, NY: Cambria Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nasi, Carlo. 2006. Spoilers in Colombia: Actors and Strategies. In Challenges to Peacebuilding: Managing Spoilers During Conflict Resolution, eds. Edward Newman and Oliver P. Richmond, 219–241. New York, NY: United Nations University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Onyango, George Katete. 2012. The Place of Spoilers in Peace Processes in Sudan. African Journal of Political Science and International Relations 6(8): 167–180.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pearlman, Wendy. 2011. Violence, Nonviolence, and the Palestinian National Movement. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Pezard, Stephanie and Michael Shurkin. 2015. Achieving Peace in Northern Mali: Past Agreements, Local Conflicts, and the Prospects for a Durable Settlement. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation. http://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RR892.html. Accessed 31 Jan 2016.

  • Pezzullo, Ralph. 2006. Plunging into Haiti: Clinton, Aristide, and The Defeat of Diplomacy. Jackson, MS: University of Mississippi Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Poulton, Robin-Edward, and Ibrahim ag Youssouf. 1998. A Peace of Timbuktu: Democratic Governance, Development and African Peacemaking. New York, NY: United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pundak, Ron. 2001. From Olso to Taba: What Went Wrong? Survival 43(3): 31–45.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reddy, Peter. 2012. Peace Operations and Restorative Justice: Groundwork for Post-Conflict Regeneration. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Regan, Anthony J. 2010. Light Intervention: Lessons from Bougainville. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Regan, Anthony J 2013. Bougainville: Conflict Deferred? In Diminishing Conflicts in Asia and the Pacific: Why Some Subside and Other’s Don’t, eds. Edward Aspinall, Robin Jeffrey, and Anthony J. Regan, 119–133. New York, NY: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reuters. 1994. Dini’s Faction Reaffirms Pursuit of Armed Struggle. September 30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rogers, Steven. 2004. Beyond the Abu Sayef. Foreign Affairs 83(1): 15–21.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sanders, Andrew. 2011. Inside the IRA: Dissident Republicans and the War for Legitimacy. Edinburgh, UK: Edinburgh University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stahler-Sholk, Richard. 1994. El Salvador’s Negotiated Transition: From Low-Intensity Conflict to Low-Intensity Democracy. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 36(4): 1–59.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stedman, Stephen John. 1997. Spoiler Problems in Peace Processes. International Security 22(2): 5–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stojcevski, Todor. 2005. Macedonia: Lions Menace Ends. Institute for War & Peace Reporting, September 6. https://iwpr.net/global-voices/macedonia-lions-menace-ends. Accessed 31 Jan 2016.

  • Swanstrom, Niklas, and Emma Bjornehed. 2004. Conflict Resolution of Terrorist Conflicts in Southeast Asia. Terrorism and Political Violence 16(2): 328–349.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tan, Abby. 1996. Philippines’ Christians Rebel Over Peace Pact With Muslim Minority. Christian Science Monitor, July 8. http://www.csmonitor.com/1996/0708/070896.intl.intl.6.html. Accessed 31 Jan 2016.

  • Tanter, Richard, Geert Arend van Klinken, and Desmond Ball. 2006. Masters of Terror: Indonesia’s Military and Violence in East Timor. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tekle, Tesfa-alem. 2008. AU Lauds Djibouti Agreement Between Somalia Factions. Sudan Tribune, August 21. http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article28353. Accessed 31 Jan 2016.

  • Thayer, Nate. 1991. Demonstrators Attack Returned Khmer Rouge Leader; To Leave Country Again. Associated Press, November 27.

    Google Scholar 

  • The Economist. 2001. Macedonia’s Fragile Peace. August 23. http://www.economist.com/node/748609. Accessed 31 Jan 2016.

  • Torjeson, Stina, and S. Neil MacFarlane. 2007. R Before D: The Case of Post Conflict Reintegration in Tajikistan. Conflict, Security & Development 7(2): 311–332.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tremlett, Giles, and Nick Wood. 2001. Macedonians Accused of War Crimes. The Guardian, October 5. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2001/oct/06/balkans.warcrimes. Accessed 31 Jan 2016.

  • United Nations News Center. 2000. Indonesia’s Effort to Disarm West Timor Militia ‘Pathetic,’ UN Mission Says. September 25. http://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/missions/past/etimor/news/N250900.htm. Accessed 31 Jan 2016.

  • Wallis, Joanne. 2012. Ten Years of Peace: Assessing Bougainville’s Progress and Prospects. The Round Table: The Commonwealth Journal of International Affairs 101(1): 29–40.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walter, Barbara F 2009. Reputation and Civil War: Why Separatist Conflicts Are So Violent. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Wantchekon, Leonard. 1999. Strategic Voting in Conditions of Political Instability: The 1994 Elections in El Salvador. Comparative Political Studies 32(7): 810–834.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Werner, Suzanne, and Amy Yuen. 2005. Enforcing Peace: Suppressing Extremists Without Losing the Moderates. In New Directions for International Relations, eds. Alex Mintz and Bruce Russett, 199–222. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, John. 2005. John Garang’s Legacy to the Peace Process, the SPLM/A & the South. Review of African Political Economy 32(106): 535–548.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zahar, Marie-Jöelle. 2003. Reframing the Spoiler Debate in Peace Processes. In Contemporary Peace Making: Conflict, Violence, and Peace Processes, eds. John Darby, Roger Mac Ginty, and Rolf Habbel, 114–124. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • ———. 2006a. Political Violence in Peace Processes: Voice, Exit, and Loyalty in the Post-Accord Period. In Violence and Reconstruction, ed. John Darby, 33–52. Notre Dame, IN: Notre Dame University Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Reiter, A.G. (2016). Termination Spoiling: Sabotage and Obstruction. In: Fighting Over Peace . Rethinking Political Violence. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-40102-7_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics