Abstract
This chapter studies a radial distribution system, which is divided into a number of balancing zones, and proposes a decentralized scheme for the joint control of EV chargers, PV inverters, and storage systems that are under the exclusive control of the utility. The proposed open-loop control scheme exploits the synergy between EV chargers and PV inverters to cancel out their effects on distribution circuits, and relies on a sophisticated distribution system model and near real-time measurements of the end-nodes to simultaneously achieve the utility-defined objectives. Our decentralized control scheme is compared to two conservative, fully distributed control schemes that enable customers to control the active end-nodes installed in their premises without the benefit of coordination from the utility.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Notes
- 1.
A business does not necessarily install all three technologies.
- 2.
Customers may relinquish control of active end-nodes in exchange for a fixed reduced electricity price. In this case, any control signal issued by the utility is assured of an immediate cooperative response.
- 3.
Recall that it is assumed that the utility pays for solar generation even if it is curtailed. Thus, its revenue only depends on the amount of energy delivered to the customers.
- 4.
We do not take into account the energy that can be charged into storage systems when defining the revenue-maximizing control strategy for a time slot. This is because this energy is not actually consumed and will be used at some point to supply loads (with some losses). Hence, the utility does not increase its revenue in the long run by storing energy in the distribution network.
- 5.
Nevertheless, algorithmically weight terms are important because they influence how fast the optimal solution is found.
- 6.
The quadratic constraints pertain to the apparent power capacity of solar inverters.
- 7.
Line and transformer capacity constraints that are outside balancing zones can be ignored in Problem 2. This is because storage systems are not charged from the grid due to the third objective and their optimal control, i.e., the solution of Problem 2, does not overload any line or transformer if the capacity constraints are ignored because Problem 1 had a feasible solution.
Reference
Katiraei F, Sun C, Enayati B (2015) No inverter left behind: Protection, controls, and testing for high penetrations of PV inverters on distribution systems. IEEE Power Energy Mag 13(2):43–49
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 The Author(s)
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Ardakanian, O., Keshav, S., Rosenberg, C. (2016). Optimal Control of Active End-Nodes. In: Integration of Renewable Generation and Elastic Loads into Distribution Grids. SpringerBriefs in Electrical and Computer Engineering. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39984-3_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39984-3_4
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-39983-6
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-39984-3
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)