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Molecular Diversity Studies in Lake Pavin Reveal the Ecological Importance of Parasitic True Fungi in the Plankton

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Lake Pavin

Abstract

Parasitism is one of the most common symbiotic interactions, occurring in almost all environments. Microbial parasites are typically characterized by their small size, a short generation time, high rates of reproduction, and a simple life cycle usually completed within a single host. Microbial parasites are phylogenetically diverse and ubiquitous in aquatic ecosystems, comprising viruses, prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Pioneering environmental 18S-rDNA surveys of microbial eukaryotes in Lake Pavin, France, revealed the presence of a high diversity of undescribed eukaryotes, primarily affiliated to the fungal phylum Chytridiomycota (chytrids), and more than likely playing major roles as infecting agents in the system. These early diverging fungi produce free-swimming dispersal propagules characterized by a small size (2–8 μm) and a single, posterior flagellum. These characteristics make chytrids part of the so-called ‘zoosporic fungi’. Chytrids are particularly adapted to a planktonic lifestyle and have been shown to infect a wide variety of hosts, including fish, eggs, zooplankton, other aquatic fungi, and primarily phytoplankton in aquatic environments. Related ecological implications are important for pelagic food webs. Released organic particles resulting from the death of infected hosts can be used as substrates for other microbial processes, and zoospores themselves can provide nutrient-rich particles for planktonic grazers. The application of the plankton ecology group (PEG) model on Lake Pavin indicated that chytrid epidemics could represent an important driving factor for phytoplanktonic seasonal successions. Besides, the observation that phytoplankton chytridiomycosis preferentially impacts larger size species (e.g., filamentous cyanobacteria) suggests that bloom of such species may not represent a trophic bottleneck for the system as previously thought. In this chapter, based on studies we conducted in Lake Pavin and other lakes in the vicinity, we summarize knowledge on diversity, community structure, quantitative importance, and functional roles of planktonic chytrids. We primarily focus on parasitic chytrids of phytoplankton, the potential ecological implications for food web dynamics, as well as the methodological challenges related to their study. We conclude that phytoplankton chytridiomycosis is an important but still overlooked ecological driving force in aquatic food web dynamics.

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Acknowledgements

This study includes results from PhD and postdoc researches supported by various instances: Région Auvergne, CNRS, Université Blaise Pascal, French Ministère de la Recherche et de la Technologie, and the Ministry of Culture, High School and Research of Grand-Duché de Luxembourg. Thanks are owed to my colleagues, particularly G Boutheina, FH Gleason, and M Kagami for fruitful discussions and inspiring collaborative papers. We thank Prof. Felix Bärlocher, Mt Allison University, Sackville NB, Canada, for critical and proofreading of the manuscript. This is a contribution to the French ANR Programme Blanc ROME – Rare and overlooked microbial diversity - Coordinator TSN, PIs: U Christaki, C Gachon, S Monchy, N Niquil, and E Viscogliosi.

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Author notes

  1. Emilie Lefevre

    Present address: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Duke University, 121 Hudson Hall Box, 90287, 27708-0287, Durham, NC, USA

  2. Sébastien Monchy

    Present address: INSU-CNRS, UMR 8187 LOG, Laboratoire d’Océanologie et de Géosciences, Université du Littoral Côte d’Opale, ULCO, 32 avenue Foch, F-62930, Wimereux, France

  3. Serena Rasconi

    Present address: WasserCluster – Biological Station Lunz, Inter-university Centre for Aquatic Ecosystem Research, A-3293, Lunz am See, Austria

Authors and Affiliations

  1. LMGE, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, UMR CNRS 6023, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Université Blaise Pascal, BP 80026, 63171, Aubière Cedex, France

    Télesphore Sime-Ngando, Mélanie Gerphagnon, Jonathan Colombet, Marlène Jobard, Emilie Lefevre, Sébastien Monchy, Serena Rasconi, Delphine Latour, Jean-François Carrias & Christian Amblard

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Correspondence to Télesphore Sime-Ngando .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. LMGE, Laboratoire Microorganismes: Génome et Environnement, UMR CNRS 6023, Université Clermont-Auvergne, Université Blaise Pascal, Aubière, France

    Télesphore Sime-Ngando

  2. LMV, Université Clermont-Auvergne - CNRS - IRD - OPGC, Aubière, France

    Pierre Boivin

  3. ISTO Institut des Sciences de la Terre d’Orléans, Observatoire des Sciences de l’Univers en région Centre, UMR 7327 (CNRS-Université d’Orléans-BRGM), Orléans Cedex, France

    Emmanuel Chapron

  4. IPGP (Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris) Sorbonne Paris Cité, Univ. Paris Diderot, Paris, France

    Didier Jezequel

  5. METIS UMR CNRS 7619, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France

    Michel Meybeck

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Sime-Ngando, T. et al. (2016). Molecular Diversity Studies in Lake Pavin Reveal the Ecological Importance of Parasitic True Fungi in the Plankton. In: Sime-Ngando, T., Boivin, P., Chapron, E., Jezequel, D., Meybeck, M. (eds) Lake Pavin. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39961-4_20

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