Abstract
The urinary tract is commonly subjected to stressors that can result in atypical and suspicious findings in a voided urine specimen (see Table 8.1). The most common stressors include indwelling catheters, various toxins, ischemic changes, calculi, bladder and kidney infections, immune mediated cystitis, and inflammatory reactions to radiation therapy, immunotherapy and chemotherapy.
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Samedi, V.G., Bocklage, T. (2016). Urinary Tract Cytology. In: Pitfalls in Diagnostic Cytopathology With Key Differentiating Cytologic Features. Essentials in Cytopathology, vol 27. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39809-9_8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39809-9_8
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