Abstract
This chapter covers congenital vascular variations in branching or anomalous entry points of vertebral artery (VA) and internal carotid artery (ICA) vasculature. These include common carotid artery (CCA) origin of the VA, external carotid artery (ECA) origin of the VA, duplication of the VA, anomalous entry site of the VA into the vertebral transverse foramen, hypoplastic VA, hypoplastic ICA, and origin of ECA branches from the ICA. Tortuosity that lacks abnormal branching or site of entry is covered in Chap. 34.
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McKinney, A.M. (2017). Cervical Carotid and Vertebral Arterial Variants. In: Atlas of Normal Imaging Variations of the Brain, Skull, and Craniocervical Vasculature . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39790-0_33
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39790-0_33
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