Abstract
The definition of sol-gel process, clearly indicates that the formation of an inorganic chemical gel is the result of a “progressive” transformation; the process is continuous but different stages can be defined with the caution that clear identification of every stage is hampered by the overlapping of several competing processes such as hydrolysis and condensation .
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsNotes
- 1.
Detailed descriptions of sol-gel inorganic materials and processes can be found in two comprehensive Handbooks: 1. Handbook of sol-gel science and technology, ed. by Sumio Sakka. Kluwer Academic Publishing. 2. The sol-gel handbook, ed. by David Levy and Marcos Zayat. Wiley-VCH, 2015, and the “classic” textbook of Jeffrey Brinker and George Scherer “Sol-Gel Science”, Academic Press 1990.
References
Scherer GW (1988) Aging and drying of gels. J Non-Crystal Solids 100:77–92
Brinker CJ, (1994) Sol-Gel Processing of Silica, The Colloid Chemistry of Silica, Chapter 18, Advances in Chemistry, 234:361–401
Turova NY, Turevskaya EP, Kessler VG, Yanovskaya MI (2002) The chemistry of metal alkoxides. Kluwer AP, Dordrecht
Bradley DC, Mehrotra R, Rothwell I, Singh A (2001) Alkoxo and aryloxo derivatives of metals. Academic Press, San Diego
Turova NY, Turevskaya EP, Kessler VG, Yanovskaya MI (2002) The chemistry of metal alkoxides. Kluwer AP, Dordrecht
Jitianu A, Britchi A, Deleanu C, Badescu V, Zaharescu M (2003) Comparative study of the sol–gel processes starting with different substituted Si-alkoxides. J Non-Cryst Solids 319:263–279
Judeinstein P, Sanchez C (1996) Hybrid organic-inorganic materials: a land of multidisciplinarity. J Mater Chem 6:511–525
Innocenzi P, Brusatin G, Guglielmi M, Bertani R (1999) New synthetic route to (3-glycidoxypropyl)trimethoxysilane-based hybrid organic-inorganic materials. Chem Mater 11:1672–1680
Innocenzi P, Sassi A, Brusatin G, Guglielmi M, Favretto D, Bertani R, Venzo A, Babonneau F (2001) A novel synthesis of sol-gel hybrid materials by a nonhydrolytic/hydrolytic reaction of (3-glycidoxypropyl) trimethoxysilane with TiCl4. Chem Mater 13:3635–3643
Ayandele E, Sarkar B, Alexandridis P (2012) Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (poss)-containing polymer nanocomposites. Nanomaterials 2:445–475
Cordes DB, Lickiss PB, Rataboul F (2010) Recent developments in the chemistry of cubic polyhedral oligosilsesquioxanes. Chem Rev 110:2081–2173
Shea KJ, Loy DA (2001) A mechanistic investigation of gelation. The sol—gel polymerization of precursors to bridged polysilsesquioxanes. Acc Chem Res 34:707–716
Cerveau G, Corriu RJP (1998) Some recent developments of polysilsesquioxane chemistry for material science. Coord Chem Rev 1051:178–180
Mehdi A (2010) Self-assembly of layered functionalized hybrid materials. A good opportunity for extractive chemistry. J Mater Chem 20:9281–9286
Livage J (1994) Sol-Gel Synthesis of transition metal oxopolymers, In: Frontiers of polymers and advanced materials. Springer, pp 659–667
Livage J, Henry M, Sanchez C (1988) Sol-gel chemistry of transition metal oxides. Prog Solid St Chem 18:250–341
Coyan HD, Setterstrom CA (1946) Properties of ethyl silicate. Chem Eng News 24:2499
Kosmulski M (2009) pH-dependent surface charging and points of zero charge. IV Update and new approach. J Colloid Interf Sci 337:439–448
Pope EJA, Mackenzie JD (1986) Sol-gel processing of silica. II. The role of the catalyst. J Non-Cryst Solid 87:185–198
Klein LC (1985) Sol-gel processing of silicates. Ann Rev Mater Sci 15:227–248
Brinker CJ (1988) Hydrolysis and condensation of silicates: effects on structure. J Non-Cryst Solids 100:31–50
Hook R (1996) A 29Si NMR study of the sol-gel polymerisation rates of substituted ethoxysilanes. J Non-Cryst Solids 195:1–15
Ng LV, Thompson P, Sanchez J, Macosko C, McCormick AV (1995) Formation of cagelike intermediates from nonrandom cyclization during acid-catalyzed sol-gel polymerization of tetraethyl orthosilicate. Macromolecules 2:6471–6476
Depla A, Verheyen E, Veyfeyken A, Van Houteghem M, Houthoofd K, Van Speybroeck V, Waroquier M, Kirschhock CEA, Martens JA (2011) UV-Raman and 29Si NMR spectroscopy investigation of the nature of silicate oligomers formed by acid catalyzed hydrolysis and polycondensation of tetramethylorthosilicate. J Phys Chem C 115:11077–11088
Iler RK (1979) The chemistry of silica. Wiley, New York
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Plinio Innocenzi
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Innocenzi, P. (2016). From the Precursor to a Sol. In: The Sol to Gel Transition. SpringerBriefs in Materials. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39718-4_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39718-4_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-39716-0
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-39718-4
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)