Skip to main content

The Coexistence of Generations at Work

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Reinventing Work in Europe

Part of the book series: Dynamics of Virtual Work ((DVW))

Abstract

There is nothing new about research and debate on young people’s position in the labour market, either in the work of sociologists of labour or in policy debate, nor about concern for the future of European pensions systems. Yet an intergenerational approach to labour-market participation has only recently emerged, either in sociology, policy discussion or human resources management. Until then, studies had looked at different age groups separately, motivated on the one hand by a recurrent concern for young people’s position in the labour market, and on the other by worries about demographic ageing and the future of pensions systems. It was the latter that would eventually prompt synoptic consideration of the different cohorts’ place in the labour market. Over the last decade or so, articles, colloquia and discussion meetings on age management in business have multiplied. The issue for human resources managers has been how to prolong the careers of workers over 50. At the national and European levels, on the other hand, the motivation to reflection has been the demographic challenge. Recent protest movements among young people in Europe and elsewhere have, furthermore, alerted public opinion to the younger generation’s unhappiness at its place at work and on the labour market, which notably does not at all reflect the growing proportion of graduates, especially among young women.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 89.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Hamel, Pugeault-Cicchelli, Galland and Cicchelli, eds, La jeunesse n’est plus ce qu’elle était; Rainer Zoll, “Mutation des orientations des jeunes par rapport au travail”, in Travail, activité, emploi. Une comparaison France-Allemagne (Paris: La Documentation française, 1999), pp. 9–14; Chantal Nicole-Drancourt and Laurence Roulleau-Berger, Les Jeunes et le Travail (1950–2000) (Paris: PUF, 2001); Madeleine Gauthier and Laurence Roulleau-Berger, Les Jeunes et l’emploi dans les villes d’Europe et d’Amérique du Nord (Paris: Éditions de l’Aube, 2001); Florence Lefresne, Les Jeunes et l’Emploi (Paris: La Découverte, 2003); Stéphane Beaud, 80% au bac et après? (Paris: La Découverte, 2003); Jean-François Tchernia, “Les jeunes Européens, leur rapport au travail”, in Olivier Galland and Bernard Roudet, eds, Les Jeunes Européens et leurs valeurs: Europe occidentale, Europe centrale et orientale (Paris: Injep & La Découverte, 2005).

  2. 2.

    Marina Monaco, “How do European Policy Practices Address the Intergenerational Challenge Regarding Work?”, in Patricia Vendramin, ed., Generations at Work and Social Cohesion in Europe (Brussels: PIE-Peter Lang, 2010), pp. 255–279.

  3. 3.

    Conseil d’Orientation des Retraites, Retraites: renouveler le contrat social entre les générations. Orientations et débats. Premier rapport 2001 (Paris: La Documentation française, 2002); European Commission, Adequate and Sustainable Pensions, Joint Report by the Commission and the Council (Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2003); Bruno Palier, La Réforme des retraites (Paris: PUF, 2003); Anne-Marie Guillemard, L’Âge de l’emploi, Les sociétés à l’épreuve du vieillissement (Paris: Armand Colin, 2003); Vincent Caradec, Sociologie de la vieillesse et du vieillissement, 2nd ed. (Paris: Armand Colin, 2008); David Natali, Pensions in Europe, European Pensions: The Evolution of Pension Policy at National and Supranational Level (Brussels: PIE-Peter Lang, 2008).

  4. 4.

    For the definition of terms referring to age groups see Chap. 5.

  5. 5.

    Nancy Pekala, “Conquering the Generational Divide”, Journal of Property Management, 2001; Guy Paré, “La génération Internet: un nouveau profil d’employés”, Gestion 27:2 (2002), pp. 47–53; Paul M. Arsenault, “Validating Generational Differences. A Legitimate Diversity and Leadership Issue”, Leadership & Organization Development Journal 25:1-2 (2004); Cécile Dejoux and Heidi Wechtler, “Diversité générationnelle: implications, principes et outils de management”, Management et Avenir 43 (2011); Susan P. Eisner, “Managing Generation Y”, SAM Advanced Management Journal 70 (2005), pp. 4–15; Ollivier and Tanguy, Génération Y; Bruce Tulgan, Not Everyone Gets the Trophy. How to Manage Generation Y (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2009); Pichault and Pleyers, “Pour en finir avec la génération Y…”; Tamara Erickson, “Gen Y in the Workforce”, Harvard Business Review 87:2 (2009), pp. 43–49; Sylvia Anne Hewlett, Laura Sherbin and Karen Sumberg, “How Gen Y & Boomers Will Reshape Your Agenda”, Harvard Business Review 87:7/8 (2009); Tania Saba, “Les différences intergénérationnelles au travail: faire la part des choses”, Gestion 34:3 (2009), pp. 25–37.

  6. 6.

    Patricia Vendramin, ed., Changing Social Patterns of Relation to Work.

  7. 7.

    Nicolas Flamant, “Conflit de génération ou conflit d’organisation? Un train peut en cacher un autre…”, Sociologie du travail 47:2 (2005), pp. 223–244.

  8. 8.

    Jean Rousselet, Gabrielle Balazs and Catherine Mathey, “Les jeunes et l’emploi. L’idée de travail, de réussite et d’échec chez des jeunes de milieux scolaires et sociaux différents”, Cahiers du Centre d’études de l’emploi 7 (1975), pp. 11ff.

  9. 9.

    Donatienne Desmette and Mathieu Gaillard, “When a ‘Worker’ Becomes an ‘Older Worker’: The Effects of Age-Related Social Identity on Attitudes Towards Retirement and Work”, Career Development International 13:2 (2008), pp. 168–185; Matthieu Gaillard and Donatienne Desmette, “(In)validating Stereotypes About Older Workers Influences Their Intentions to Retire Early and to Learn and Develop”, Basic and Applied Social Psychology 32 (2010). pp. 86–98.

  10. 10.

    Henri Tajfel, “Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations”, Annual Review of Psychology 33, pp. 1–39.

  11. 11.

    Bernd Simon and Bert Klandermans, “Politicized Collective Identity: A Social Psychological Analysis”, American Psychologist 56 (2001), pp. 319–331.

  12. 12.

    Katalin Füleki, Orsolya Polyacskó and Julia Vajda, “Chapter 5: Report from Hungary”, in Vendramin, ed., Changing Social Patterns of Relation to Work, pp. 197–252.

  13. 13.

    Eurofound, EWCS 2010.

  14. 14.

    Cultiaux and Vendramin, “Report from Belgium”.

  15. 15.

    Jelle Visser, “Union Membership Statistics in 24 Countries”, Monthly Labor Review 129:1 (January 2006); Bernhard Ebbinghaus and Jelle Visser, Trade Unions in Western Europe since 1945 (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002).

  16. 16.

    Danièle Linhart, Travailler sans les autres (Paris: Seuil, 2009); Christophe Dejours, Travail. Usure mentale, new and expanded edition (Paris: Bayard, 2005).

  17. 17.

    Patricia Vendramin, Le Travail au singulier. Le lien social à l’épreuve de l’individualisation, (Louvain-la-Neuve: Academia-Bruylant; Paris: L’Harmattan, 2004).

  18. 18.

    Eurofound, EWCS 2010.

  19. 19.

    Eckert, “Les jeunes, les etudes”, pp. 237–243.

  20. 20.

    Patricia Vendramin, Les Jeunes, le Travail et l’Emploi. Enquête auprès des salariés de moins de 30 ans en Belgique francophone (Namur: FTU/Jeunes CSC, 2007)

  21. 21.

    Ed Michaels, Helen Handfield-Jones and Beth Axelrod, The War for Talent (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2001).

  22. 22.

    Chauvel, “Les nouvelles generations”.

  23. 23.

    Flamant, “Conflit de génération”.

  24. 24.

    Eurostat Information Society Database.

  25. 25.

    Eurofound, EWCS 2010.

  26. 26.

    Périne Brotcorne, Lotte Damhuis, Véronique Laurent, Gérard Valenduc and Patricia Vendramin, Diversité et vulnérabilité dans les usages des TIC. La fracture numérique au second degré (Gent: Academia Press, 2011); Neil Selwyn, Stephen Gorard and John Furlong, Adult Learning in the Digital Age: Information, Technologies and the Learning Society (London: Routledge, 2005); Luc Mertens et al., Digitaal over de drempel, e-book (Leuven: Linc, 2007); Neil Selwyn and Keri Facer, Beyond the Digital Divide: Rethinking Digital Inclusion for the 21st Century, (London: FutureLab, 2007); Mark Warschauer, Technology and Social Inclusion: Rethinking the Digital Divide (Boston, MA: MIT Press, 2003).

  27. 27.

    Jan Steyaert and Jos De Haan, Geleidelijk digital: een nuchtere kijk op de sociale gevolgen van ICT (The Hague: Sociaal en Cultureel Planbureau, 2001).

  28. 28.

    Patricia Vendramin and Gérard Valenduc, Internet et inégalités. Une radiographie de la fracture numérique (Brussels: Labor, 2003), and “Fractures numériques, inégalités sociales et processus d’appropriation des innovations”, Terminal 95-6 (2006), pp. 137–154; Jan A.G.M. Van Dijk, The Deepening Divide: Inequality in the Information Society (London: Sage Publications, 2005).

  29. 29.

    Eurostat Information Society Database.

  30. 30.

    Meyers, “Millennial workers”.

  31. 31.

    Périne Brotcorne, Luc Mertens and Gérard Valenduc, “Les jeunes offline et la fracture numérique. Les risques d’inégalités dans la génération des ‘natifs numériques’”, report published by the Belgian Federal Ministry for Social Integration, Brussels, October 2009.

  32. 32.

    Gérard Valenduc, La Technologie, un jeu de société (Louvain-la-Neuve: Academia-Bruylant, 2005).

  33. 33.

    Adele Lebano, Anna M. Ponzellini and Sylvana Greco, “Report from Italy”, in Vendramin, ed., Changing Social Patterns of Relation to Work, pp. 253–284.

  34. 34.

    Eurofound, EWCS 2010.

  35. 35.

    Passos, Castro, Carvalho and Soares, “Self, Work and Career”.

  36. 36.

    Ibid.

  37. 37.

    Katalin Füleki, Orsolya Polyacskó and Julia Vajda, “Chapter 5: Report from Hungary”.

  38. 38.

    Delay, Méda and Bureau, “How Do Socio-Organisational Systems Support Competition…?”

  39. 39.

    Vladimir Iazykoff, “Jeunes salariés dans les grandes entreprises: trajectoires sociales et représentations du travail”, Travaux et Recherches de l’Université de Marne la Vallée 1 (March 2000), p. 5, downloadable at http://bernard.bianca.pivot.free.fr/Articles/JD/pj00239.pdf.

  40. 40.

    Jérôme Gautié and Anne-Marie Guillemard, eds, “Gestion des âges et rapports intergénérationnels dans les grandes entreprises. Études de cas”, report on the ACI Travail programme, Ministère de Recherche, Paris, 2004.

  41. 41.

    Béatrice Delay and Guillaume Huyez-Levrat, “Le transfert d’expérience est-il possible dans les rapports intergénérationnels?”, Sociologies pratiques 12 (2006), pp. 37–50.

  42. 42.

    Norbert Alter, Donner et prendre. La coopération en entreprise (Paris: La Découverte, 2009).

  43. 43.

    Delay, Méda and Bureau, “How Do Socio-Organisational Systems Support Competition…?”; Axel Honneth, “The Social Dynamics of Disrespect: On the Legacy of Critical Theory Today”, in Disrespect: The Normative Foundations of Critical Theory (Cambridge: Polity, 2007), pp. 63–79.

  44. 44.

    Erving Goffman, Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity (New York: Prentice-Hall, 1963).

  45. 45.

    Delay and Huyez-Levrat, “Le transfert d’expérience est-il possible?”

  46. 46.

    Eurofound, EWCS 2010.

  47. 47.

    Robert Castel, L’Insécurité sociale: qu’est-ce qu’être protégé? (Paris: Seuil, 2003).

  48. 48.

    Guillemard, L’Âge de l’emploi.

  49. 49.

    Desmette and Gaillard, “When a ‘Worker’ Becomes an ‘Older Worker’”; Gaillard and Desmette, “(In)validating stereotypes”.

  50. 50.

    Delay and Huyez-Levrat, “Le transfert d’expérience est-il possible?”

  51. 51.

    Delay, Méda and Bureau, “How Do Socio-Organisational Systems Support Competition…?”

  52. 52.

    Luc Ferry, “Interpréter Mai 1968”, Pouvoirs 39 (1986), pp. 5–14; Louis Chauvel, Le Destin des générations. Structure sociale et cohortes en France au xx e siècle (Paris: PUF, 1998).

  53. 53.

    Jean-Claude Marquié, “Contraintes cognitives, contraintes de travail et expérience: les marges de manœuvre du travailleur vieillissant”, in Jean-Claude Marquié, Dominique Paumès and Serge Volkoff, eds, Le Travail au fil de l’âge (Toulouse: Octarès Éditions, 1995), pp. 211–244; Chantale Lagacé, Pratiques de gestion et représentations du vieillissement. Recherche exploratoire menée dans le secteur de la fabrication métallique industrielle, research report presented to the Comité Sectoriel de la Main-d’Œuvre dans la Fabrication Métallique Industrielle, Montréal, INRS Urbanisation, 2003.

  54. 54.

    John Cultiaux, “Agir dans un monde flexible. Une expérience singulière”, in Matthieu de Nanteuil-Miribel and Assaad El Akremi, Une autre flexibilité. Travail, emploi organisation en débat (Paris: Érès, 2005), pp. 137–154.

  55. 55.

    Chauvel, Le Destin des générations.

  56. 56.

    Espido Freire, Mileuristas. Retrato de la generacion de los mil euros (Barcelona: Editorial Ariel, 2006).

  57. 57.

    Mercure and Vultur, La Signification du travail.

  58. 58.

    Adele Lebano, Maria Teresa Franco and Silvana Greco, “So Far, So Close: Generations and Work in Italy”, in Vendramin, ed., Generations at Work, pp. 193–219.

  59. 59.

    Lebano, Franco and Greco, “So Far, So Close”.

  60. 60.

    Carlo Buzzi, Alessandro Cavalli and Antonio de Lillo, eds, Giovani verso il duemila: Quarto rapporto Iard sulla condizione giovanile in Italia (Bologna: Il Mulino, 1996); Paul Johnson, Christoph Conrad and David Thomson, eds, Workers versus Pensioners. Intergenerational Justice in an Aging World (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1989).

  61. 61.

    Maurizio Ferrera, “The Uncertain Future of Italian Welfare State”, West European Politics 20:1 (1997), pp. 231–249; Gøsta Esping-Andersen, The Social Foundations of Post-Industrial Economies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999).

  62. 62.

    ISFOL, PLUS - Participation, Labour, Unemployment Survey (Rome: ISFOL, 2006); IARD, Sesto rapporto sulla condizione giovanile in Italia (Milan: IARD, 2006); Consorzio Interuniversitario AlmaLaurea, ed, VIII Rapporto sulla condizione occupazionale dei laureati. I laureati di primo livello alla prova del lavoro (Bologna: Il Mulino, 2006).

  63. 63.

    Robert D. Putnam, Making Democracy Work: Civic Traditions in Modern Italy (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993).

  64. 64.

    IARD, Sesto rapporto.

  65. 65.

    Anna M. Ponzellini, “Perspectives for Good Management of the Generations at Work and Pathways for Greater Social Cohesion”, in Vendramin, ed., Generations at Work, pp. 293–319.

  66. 66.

    Mannheim, “The Problem of Generations”.

  67. 67.

    According to Ebbinghaus and Visser, Trade Unions in Western Europe since 1945 and Visser, “Union Membership Statistics” there has been a general decline in membership among those under 25 or 30, in part likely the result of the bias in trade union policy in favour of adults and older members.

  68. 68.

    Tito Boeri and Vincenzo Galasso, Contro i giovani (Milan: Mondadori, 2007).

  69. 69.

    Götz Richter, “Generational Perspective on Workplace Relationships: A German Perspective”, in Vendramin, ed., Generations at Work, pp. 99–128; Eric D. Widmer and Kurt Lüscher, “Les relations intergénérationnelles au prisme de l’ambivalence et des configurations familiales”, Recherches familiales 8 (2011), pp. 49-60.

  70. 70.

    Widmer and Lüscher, “Les relations intergénérationnelles”, p. 51.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2017 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Méda, D., Vendramin, P. (2017). The Coexistence of Generations at Work. In: Reinventing Work in Europe. Dynamics of Virtual Work. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39525-8_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39525-8_6

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-39524-1

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-39525-8

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics