Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Challenges of Personalized Medicine: Socio-Legal Disputes and Possible Solutions

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Personalized Medicine

Part of the book series: Europeanization and Globalization ((EAG,volume 2))

Abstract

We are living in an era of epic transformation and advancement of medical science and technology, which allows us to gather comprehensive information about a person’s health and predict and even prevent a disease. The focus on personalized or individualized medicine presents new challenges, not only in the fields of medical sciences, biotechnology, and nanotechnology but also in the fields of social law and economy, where the consequences of medical activities are manifested. The existence of technically available and possible methods of diagnostic and treatment raises the question whether there could be a constitutionally guaranteed fundamental right of access to them. What consequences would the introduction of personalized medicine in compulsory health insurance systems have? Is it possible, would it destruct or reconstruct the essential features of compulsory health insurance? These are just some of the issues this paper aims to address.

Professor Nada Bodiroga-Vukobrat Ph.D., Head of Department of EU Public Law, Faculty of Law, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia.

 Professor Hana Horak, Ph.D., Head of Department of Law, University of Zagreb Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Zagren, Zagreb, Croatia.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Radolović (2006), p. 134; Dulčić and Bodiroga-Vukobrat (2008), p. 372.

  2. 2.

    Radolović (2006), p. 133.

  3. 3.

    Authors’ translation from German, see Damm (2009), pp. 303 and 312.

  4. 4.

    For various definitions of these terms, see, e.g., Radder et al. (2014), Bottinger (2007), Niederlag et al. (2010), Qattan et al. (2012), Pavelić et al. (2015), and Taupitz (2011) and references contained therein.

  5. 5.

    Niederlag et al. (2010), p. 776.

  6. 6.

    Kroemer (2012), p. 12.

  7. 7.

    The Royal Society and the Royal Academy of Engineering (2004).

  8. 8.

    See, e.g., Juengst (1995); Khoury et al. (2000), p. 6; Nordgren (2001), p. 159.

  9. 9.

    Deutscher Bundestag (2009) (authors’ translation from German).

  10. 10.

    German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina et al. (2010).

  11. 11.

    German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina et al. (2010), p. 14.

  12. 12.

    Constitution of the World Health Organisation (1946).

  13. 13.

    United Nations, Millenium Development Goals (2000).

  14. 14.

    Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine (1997), Article 3.

  15. 15.

    Additional Protocol to the Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine, concerning Genetic Testing for Health Purposes (2008).

  16. 16.

    Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (1950).

  17. 17.

    Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU, Article 2.

  18. 18.

    See, e.g., Directive 2006/54/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 July 2006 on the implementation of the principle of equal opportunities and equal treatment of men and women in matters of employment and occupation (recast); Council Directive 2000/43/EC of 29 June 2000 implementing the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of racial or ethnic origin.

  19. 19.

    Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data.

  20. 20.

    Article 8(3) of Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC.

  21. 21.

    European Commission (2012a).

  22. 22.

    Eecke et al. (2012), pp. 19–22.

  23. 23.

    Gilbert (2012).

  24. 24.

    Gilbert (2012), p. 21.

  25. 25.

    Numerous cases of the European Court of Human Rights, e.g., S. and Marper v. the United Kingdom, ECHR App. No. 30562/04 and 30566/04, Judgement of 4.12.2008, point to the need for a clearer definition of the right of a person to seek deletion of his personal data from public registers, etc. See also a recent Judgment (13.5.2014) of the Court of Justice of the EU in the case C-131/12 Google Spain SL, Google Inc. v. Agencia Espanola de Proteccion de Datos, Mario Costeja Gonzales.

  26. 26.

    Constitution of the Republic of Croatia, Article 59.

  27. 27.

    Constitution of the Republic of Croatia, Article 70.

  28. 28.

    Pavelić et al. (2015).

  29. 29.

    Li (2011), p. 403.

  30. 30.

    Li (2011), p. 403.

  31. 31.

    Li (2011), p. 412.

  32. 32.

    Li (2011), p. 412.

  33. 33.

    See Kollek et al. (2004), p. 138: “Once obtained, they [i.e. data] stick to the individuals their entire life” (authors’ translation from German).

  34. 34.

    Taupitz (2011), p. 225.

  35. 35.

    Deutscher Bundestag (2009), pp. 14 and 148.

  36. 36.

    For a definition of the principle of solidarity, see, e.g., Kingreen (2003), Martinović (2014), and Hatzopoulos (2009).

  37. 37.

    Martinović (2014), p. 56.

  38. 38.

    Hatzopoulos (2009), p. 769.

  39. 39.

    Kingreen (2003), p. 252.

  40. 40.

    On the tension between personalised medicine and basic principles of compulsory health insurance, see Müller (2012) and Raspe (2012).

  41. 41.

    See more in Martinović (2014).

  42. 42.

    Deutscher Bundestag (2009), pp. 15 and 148; Damm (2011), p. 12; Vogenberg et al. (2010a), p. 642. On possible future development strategies for integration of personalised medicine in health insurance, see, e.g., Vogenberg et al. (2010b).

  43. 43.

    Damm (2011), p. 12.

  44. 44.

    Deutscher Bundestag (2009), p. 15; Raspe (2012), p. 64.

  45. 45.

    Deutscher Bundestag (2009), pp. 15 and 148.

  46. 46.

    Bottinger (2007), p. 20.

  47. 47.

    Damm and König (2008), pp. 62 and 68; Wiese (2005), p. 2073; Wiese (2009), p. 2198.

  48. 48.

    Deutscher Bundestag (2009), pp. 18, 128, 154.

  49. 49.

    Deutscher Bundestag (2009), p. 12 and 151.

  50. 50.

    Deutscher Bundestag (2009), p. 151.

  51. 51.

    Deutscher Bundestag (2009), p. 152.

  52. 52.

    Deutscher Bundestag (2009), p. 145.

  53. 53.

    Deutscher Bundestag (2009), p. 145.

  54. 54.

    Feuerstein et al. (2002).

  55. 55.

    Damm (2007).

  56. 56.

    European Commission (2011), p. 12.

  57. 57.

    European Commission (2013), p. 16.

  58. 58.

    Directive 98/79/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 October 1998 on in vitro diagnostic medical devices. The pending Commission's Proposal for a revision of this Directive and adoption of a Regulation on in vitro medical devices of 2012 explicitly includes diagnostics used in the context of personalised medicine in the definition of an IVD. See European Commission (2012b).

  59. 59.

    Directive 2001/83/EC on the Community code relating to medicinal products for human use.

  60. 60.

    The new Regulation EU No 536/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council on clinical trials on medicinal products for human use, and repealing Directive 2001/20/EC, entered into force on 16 June 2014 but will apply no earlier than 28 May 2016. In the transition period, all clinical trials in the EU are to be performed in accordance with Directive 2001/20/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 April 2001 on the approximation of the laws, regulations, and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the implementation of good clinical practice in the conduct of clinical trials on medicinal products for human use. The new Clinical Trials Regulation is aimed at facilitating the conduct of clinical trials, particularly for personalised medicines, where diseases are increasingly narrowly defined. See more in European Commission (2013), p. 19.

  61. 61.

    Data Protection Directive 95/46/EC.

  62. 62.

    See, e.g., European Commission (2010), p. 7: “Personalised medicine needs to be developed and be introduces into clinical practice in line with the two core principles of European health systems: health equity and universal access …” See also European Commission (2011).

  63. 63.

    Pavelić et al. (2015), p. 2.

  64. 64.

    National Academy of Sciences (2009).

  65. 65.

    Agency for Health Care Research and Quality (2001).

  66. 66.

    Vogenberg et al. (2010a), p. 626.

  67. 67.

    The Privacy Act of 1974, 5 U.S.C. §552a.

  68. 68.

    The Electronic Communication Privacy Act of 1986, 18 U.S.C. §2510-2521, 2701–2710.

  69. 69.

    The Americans with Disabilities Act, Pub.L. 101–336, 104 Stat. 327.

  70. 70.

    The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, Pub.L. 104–191; 110 Stat. 1936.

  71. 71.

    The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, Pub.L. 111–5; 123 Stat. 115.

  72. 72.

    Vogenberg et al. (2010a), p. 629.

  73. 73.

    Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (2009), p. 3.

  74. 74.

    The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008, Pub.L. 110–233, 122 Stat. 881.

  75. 75.

    U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2007a).

  76. 76.

    U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2007b).

  77. 77.

    A valuable overview of instruments and policy papers in relation to the federal oversight of genetic/genomic testing is provided on the Internet site of Duke Center for Personalized and Precision Medicine (2015). http://dukepersonalizedmedicine.org/policy/regulatorylegal. Accessed 20 Jan 2015.

  78. 78.

    The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) regulates all laboratory testing (except research) performed on humans in the U.S. through the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA). In total, CLIA covers approximately 244,000 laboratory entities. See more at https://www.cms.gov/Regulations-and-Guidance/Legislation/CLIA/index.html?redirect=/clia. Accessed 10 Jan 2015.

  79. 79.

    Vogenberg et al. (2010a), p. 631; Rugnetta and Kramer (2009).

  80. 80.

    See more on this issue, e.g., Marchant et al. (2006).

  81. 81.

    Personalized Medicine Coalition (2014).

References

  • Additional Protocol to the Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine, concerning Genetic Testing for Health Purposes (2008), CETS No. 203

    Google Scholar 

  • Agency for Health Care Research and Quality (AHRQ) (2001) Reducing and preventing adverse drug events to decrease hospital costs. Research in Action, Issue 1. http://archive.ahrq.gov/research/findings/factsheets/errors-safety/aderia/ade.html. Accessed 13 Jun 2014

  • Bottinger EP (2007) Foundations, promises and uncertainties of personalized medicine. Mount Sinai J Med 74:15–21

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) (2015) https://www.cms.gov/Regulations-and-Guidance/Legislation/CLIA/index.html?redirect=/clia. Accessed 10 Jan 2015

  • Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU, OJ C 83 of 30.03.2010

    Google Scholar 

  • Constitution of the Republic of Croatia, Official Gazette of the Republic of Croatia Narodne novine nos. 56/90, 135/97, 8/98, 113/00, 124/00, 28/01, 41/01, 55/01, 76/10, 85/10 and 05/14

    Google Scholar 

  • Constitution of the World Health Organisation (1946) Basic Documents, Supplement 2006, http://www.who.int/governance/eb/who_constitution_en.pdf. Accessed 10 Mar 2014

  • Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine (1997) CETS No. 164

    Google Scholar 

  • Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (1950) CETS No. 005

    Google Scholar 

  • Council Directive 2000/43/EC of 29 June 2000 implementing the principle of equal treatment between persons irrespective of racial or ethnic origin, OJ L 180 of 19.07.2000

    Google Scholar 

  • Damm R (2007) Gendiagnostik als Gesetzgebungsprojekt. Regelungsinitiativen und Regelungsschwerpunkte. Bundesgesundheitsblatt – Gesundheitsforschung – Gesundhetisschutz 50(2):145–156

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Damm R (2009) Prädiktive Gesundheitsinformationen, Persönlichkeitsrechte und Drittinteressen: Prinzipiendiskussion und Rechtspolitik. In: Ciacchi C et al (eds) Haftungsrecht im dritten Millenium. Liber Amicorum Gert Brüggemeier. Nomos, Baden-Baden, pp 303–330

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Damm R (2011) Personalisierte Medizin und Patientenrechte – Medizinische Optionen und medizinrechtliche Bewertung. MedR 29:7–17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Damm R, König S (2008) Rechtliche Regulierung prädiktiver Gesundheitsinformationen und genetischer Exzeptionalismus. MedR 26(2):62–70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deutscher Bundestag (2009) Bericht des Ausschusses für Bildung, Forschung und Technikfolgenabschätzung: Zukunftsreport Individualisierte Medizin und Gesundheitssystem. Drucksache 16/2000 of 17.02.2009

    Google Scholar 

  • Directive 2001/20/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 April 2001 on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the implementation of good clinical practice in the conduct of clinical trials on medicinal products for human use, OJ L 121 of 01.05.2001

    Google Scholar 

  • Directive 2001/83/EC on the Community code relating to medicinal products for human use, OJ L 311 of 28.11.2001

    Google Scholar 

  • Directive 2006/54/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 July 2006 on the implementation of the principle of equal opportunities and equal treatment of men and women in matters of employment and occupation (recast), OJ L 204 of 26.07.2006

    Google Scholar 

  • Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, OJ L 281/31 of 23.11.1995

    Google Scholar 

  • Directive 98/79/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 October 1998 on in vitro diagnostic medical devices, OJ L 331 of 07.12.1998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Duke Center for Personalized and Precision Medicine (2015) http://dukepersonalizedmedicine.org/policy/regulatorylegal. Accessed 20 Jan 2015

  • Dulčić K, Bodiroga-Vukobrat N (2008) Zaštita osobnih podataka pacijenata u europskom i hrvatskom pravu. Zb Prav fak Sveuč Rij 29(1):371–411

    Google Scholar 

  • Eecke P, Craig C, Halpert J (2012) The first insight into the European Commission’s proposal to a new European Union data protection law. J Internet law 15(8):19–22, http://www.dlapiper.com/first-insight-into-the-ec-proposal-for-a-new-eu-data-protection-law/. Accessed 10 Jun 2013

    Google Scholar 

  • European Commission (2010) Workshop report: Personalised Medicine: Opportunities and Challenges for European Healthcare, 13th European Health Forum Gastein

    Google Scholar 

  • European Commission (2011) Conference Report: European Perspectives in Personalised Medicine, 12–13 May 2011. http://ec.europa.eu/research/health/pdf/personalised-medicine-conference-report_en.pdf. Accessed 12 Dec 2014

  • European Commission (2012a) Proposal for a regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on the protection of individuals with regards to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data (General Data Protection Regulation) COM(2012) 11 of 25.01.2012

    Google Scholar 

  • European Commission (2012b) Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on in vitro diagnostic medical devices, COM(2012) 541 final, Brussels, 26.9.2012

    Google Scholar 

  • European Commission (2013) Staff Working Document: Use of ‘-omics’ technologies in the development of personalised medicine, SWD(2013) 436 final, Brussels, 25.10.2013

    Google Scholar 

  • Feuerstein G, Kollek R, Uhlemann T (2002) Gentechnik und Krankenversicherung: Neue Leistungsangebote im Gesundheitssystem. Nomos, Baden-Baden

    Google Scholar 

  • German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina et al. (2010) Statement: predictive genetic diagnostics as an instrument of disease prevention. http://www.leopoldina.org/uploads/tx_leopublication/201011_natEmpf_praedikative-EN_01.pdf. Accessed 13 Nov 2014

  • Gilbert F (2012) Proposed EU data protection regulation: the good, the bad and the unknown. Internet Law J 15(1)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hatzopoulos (2009) Financing national health care in a transnational environment: the impact of the European Community internal market. Wisconsin Int Law J 26(3):761–803

    Google Scholar 

  • Institute of Medicine of the National Academies (2009) Report Brief, Beyond the HIPAA Privacy Rule: Enhancing Privacy, Improving Health Through Research. https://www.iom.edu/~/media/Files/Report%20Files/2009/Beyond-the-HIPAA-Privacy-Rule-Enhancing-Privacy-Improving-Health-Through-Research/HIPAA%20report%20brief%20FINAL.pdf. Accessed 25 Nov 2014

  • Juengst ET (1995) “Prevention” and the goals of genetic medicine. Hum Gene Ther 6(12):1595–1605

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Khoury MJ, Burke W, Thomson EJ (eds) (2000) Public health in the 21st century. Oxford University Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Kingreen T (2003) Das Sozialstaatsprinzip im europäischen Verfassungsverbund. Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen

    Google Scholar 

  • Kollek R et al (2004) Pharmakogenetik: Implikationen für Patienten und Gesundheitswesen, Anspruch und Wirklichkeit der „individualisierten Medizin“. Nomos, Baden-Baden

    Google Scholar 

  • Kroemer HK (2012) Personalisierte Medizin – zum Stand der Forschung. In: Personalisierte Medizin – der Patient als Nutznießer oder Opfer, Tagungsdokumentation, Jahrestagung des Deutschen Ethikrates, pp 11–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Li C (2011) Personalized medicine-the promised land: are we there yet? Clin Genet 79:403–412

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marchant GE, Milligan RJ, Wilhelmi B (2006) Legal pressures and incentives for personalized medicine. Pers Med 3(4):391–397

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martinović A (2014) Europäisierung der nationalen Gesundheitssysteme: Zwischen Solidarität, Binnenmarkt und Wettbewerb – kroatische Erfahrungen, Erwartungen und Perspektiven. Dissertation, Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz.

    Google Scholar 

  • Müller H (2012) Patientennutzen um jeden Preis? In: Personalisierte Medizin – der Patient als Nutznießer oder Opfer, Tagungsdokumentation, Jahrestagung des Deutschen Ethikrates, pp 39–57

    Google Scholar 

  • National Academy of Sciences (2009) A new biology for the 21st century. http://www.nap.edu/download.php?record_id=12764#. Accessed 13 Jan 2015

  • Niederlag W, Lemke HU, Rienhoff O (2010) Personalisierte Medizin und individuelle Gesundheitsversorgung. Bundesgesundheitsbl 53:776–782

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nordgren A (2001) Responsible genetics. The moral responsibility of geneticists for the consequences of human genetic research. Kluwer, Dordrecht

    Google Scholar 

  • Pavelić K, Martinović T, Kraljević-Pavelić S (2015) Do we understand the personalized medicine paradigm? EMBO Rep 16(2):133–136

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Personalized Medicine Coalition (2014) The case for personalized medicine, 4th edn. http://www.personalizedmedicinecoalition.org/communications/theCaseforPersonalizedMedicine-11-13.pdf. Accessed 12 Feb 2015

  • Qattan M, Demonacos C, Krstic-Demonacos M (2012) Roadmap to personalized medicine. Croat Med J 53:294–297

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Radder JE, Shapiro SD, Berndt A (2014) Personalized medicine for chronic, complex diseases: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease as an example. Pers Med 11(7):669–679

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Radolović A (2006) Pravo osobnosti u novom Zakonu o obveznim odnosima. Zb Prav fak Sveuč Rij 27(1):129–170

    Google Scholar 

  • Raspe H (2012) Personalisierte Medizin – Ende der Solidarität. In: Personalisierte Medizin – der Patient als Nutznießer oder Opfer, Tagungsdokumentation, Jahrestagung des Deutschen Ethikrates, pp 59–70

    Google Scholar 

  • Regulation EU No 536/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council on clinical trials on medicinal products for human use, and repealing Directive 2001/20/EC, OJ L 158 of 27.05.2014

    Google Scholar 

  • Rugnetta M, Kramer W (2009) Paving the way for personalized medicine: facilitating inter-agency coordination for the integration science progress. www.scienceprogress.org/2009/09/personalized-medicine. Accessed 8 Nov 2014

  • Taupitz J (2011) Individualisierte Medizin: die internationalrechtliche Perspektive. In: Schumpelick V, Vogel B (eds) Medizin nach Maß. Individualisierte Medizin – Wunsch und Wirklichkeit. Herder, Freiburg, pp 219–238

    Google Scholar 

  • The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, Pub.L. 111–5; 123 Stat. 115

    Google Scholar 

  • The Americans with Disabilities Act, Pub.L. 101–336, 104 Stat. 327

    Google Scholar 

  • The Electronic Communication Privacy Act of 1986, 18 U.S.C. §2510-2521, 2701–2710

    Google Scholar 

  • The Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008, Pub.L. 110–233, 122 Stat. 881

    Google Scholar 

  • The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act, Pub.L. 104–191; 110 Stat. 1936

    Google Scholar 

  • The Privacy Act of 1974, 5 U.S.C. §552a

    Google Scholar 

  • The Royal Society and the Royal Academy of Engineering (2004) Nanoscience and nanotechnologies: opportunities and uncertainties. https://royalsociety.org/~/media/Royal_Society_Content/policy/publications/2004/9693.pdf. Accessed 10 Nov 2014

  • U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2007a) Draft Guidance for Industry, Clinical Laboratories, and FDA Staff – In Vitro Diagnostic Multivariate Index Assays, http://www.fda.gov/RegulatoryInformation/Guidances/ucm079148.htm. Accessed 10 Dec 2014

  • U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2007b) Guidance for Industry and FDA Staff – Commercially Distributed Analyte Specific Reagents (ASRs): Frequently Asked Questions. http://www.fda.gov/medicaldevices/deviceregulationandguidance/guidancedocuments/ucm078423.htm. Accessed 10 Dec 2014

  • United Nations (2000) Millennium development goals. www.un.org/millenniumgoals/. Accessed 13 May 2014

  • Vogenberg FR, Isaacson Barash C, Pursel M (2010a) Personalized medicine. Part 2: Ethical, legal and regulatory issues. P T 35(11):624–642

    Google Scholar 

  • Vogenberg FR, Isaacson Barash C, Pursel M (2010b) Personalized medicine. Part 3: Challenges facing health care plans in implementing coverage policies for pharmacogenomics and genetic testing. P T 35(12):670–675

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiese G (2005) Zu einer gesetzlichen Regelung genetischer Untersuchungen im Arbeitsleben. Betriebs-Berater 2073–2083

    Google Scholar 

  • Wiese G (2009) Gendiagnostikgesetz und Arbeitsleben. Betriebs-Berater 41:2198–2207

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Jean Monnet Department of European Public Law, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia

    Nada Bodiroga-Vukobrat Ph.D.

  2. Department of Law, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Zagren, Zagreb, Croatia

    Hana Horak Ph.D.

Authors
  1. Nada Bodiroga-Vukobrat Ph.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Hana Horak Ph.D.
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nada Bodiroga-Vukobrat Ph.D. .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Jean Monnet Department of European Public Law, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia

    Nada Bodiroga-Vukobrat

  2. Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Rijeka, Croatia

    Daniel Rukavina

  3. Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka , Rijeka, Croatia

    Krešimir Pavelić

  4. University of Applied Sciences, Hochschule für öffentliche Verwaltung und Finanzen Ludwigsburg, Ludwigsburg, Germany

    Gerald G. Sander

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Bodiroga-Vukobrat, N., Horak, H. (2016). Challenges of Personalized Medicine: Socio-Legal Disputes and Possible Solutions. In: Bodiroga-Vukobrat, N., Rukavina, D., Pavelić, K., Sander, G. (eds) Personalized Medicine. Europeanization and Globalization, vol 2. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39349-0_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39349-0_3

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-39347-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-39349-0

  • eBook Packages: Law and CriminologyLaw and Criminology (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation