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Space Mining and Its Regulation pp 73–84Cite as

Space Enterprises in Russia and the Former Soviet Union

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Part of the book series: Springer Praxis Books ((ASTROENG))

Abstract

After the United States, the nation that has devoted the most time and energy to exploring the Solar System has been the U.S.S.R./Russia. This chapter provides a summary of the various space missions that have gone to the Moon, Mars, Venus and other parts of the Solar System and also notes additional probes that are planned for the future.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    NASA.gov Venera 1 NASA.gov. http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1961-002=A (Accessed August 24, 2015).

  2. 2.

    Venera 1, Venera 1, NASA.gov http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1961-003A. (Accessed August 24, 2015).

  3. 3.

    NASA.gov Venera 2 http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1965-091A (Accessed on August 24, 2015).

  4. 4.

    NASA.gov Venera 3, NASA http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1965-092A (Accessed August 24, 2015.

  5. 5.

    NASA.gov Venera 4, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1967-058A (Accessed on August 24, 2015).

  6. 6.

    Ibid.

  7. 7.

    NASA.gov Venera 5, NASA http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1969-001A. See also Venera 6, NASA http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1969-002A (Accessed August 24, 2015).

  8. 8.

    Ibid.

  9. 9.

    NASA.gov Venera 7, http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1970-060A. (Accessed on August 24, 2015).

  10. 10.

    NASA.gov Venera 9 Descent Craft, NASA http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1975-050D (Accessed on August 24, 2015).

  11. 11.

    NASA.gov Venera 11 Descent Craft, NASA http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1978-084D (Accessed on August 24, 2015).

  12. 12.

    NASA.gov: Venera 13 Descent Craft, NASA http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1981-106D(Accessed on August 24, 2015) Also see: Venera 14 Descent Craft, NASA http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1981-110D. (Accessed on August 24, 2015).

  13. 13.

    NASA.gov Venera 14 Descent Craft, NASA http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1981-110D. (Accessed on August 24, 2015).

  14. 14.

    NASA.gov Venera 15, NASA http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/masterCatalog.do?sc=1983-053A. (Accessed on August 24, 2015).

  15. 15.

    Zasova, L., Venera: Izuchenie prodolozhaetsya, 10.03.2011, Accessed on June 15, 2011, at: http://www.venera-d.cosmos.ru/index.php?id=692&tx_ttnews%5btt_news%5d=1288&cHash=f9bfd2c6e7616171412b316d206d73a4 (Accessed August 25, 2015).

  16. 16.

    NASA.gov Vega 1, Solar System Exploration, http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?MCode=Vega_01&Display=ReadMore (Accessed August 25, 2015).

  17. 17.

    Phobos (1988–1989), Journey through the Galaxy, Department of Astronomy, Case Western Reserve University http://burro.astr.cwru.edu/stu/advanced/20th_soviet_phobos.html. (Accessed August 25, 2015)

  18. 18.

    Phobos-Grunt-2, RussianSpaceWeb.com http://www.russianspaceweb.com/phobos_grunt2.html (Accessed August 25, 2015).

  19. 19.

    Mars 3 Lander, NASA http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraftDisplay.do?id=1971-049 F.

  20. 20.

    Mars (1960–1974), Journey through the Galaxy, Department of Astronomy, Case Western Reserve University http://burro.astr.cwru.edu/stu/advanced/20th_soviet_mars.html.

  21. 21.

    Mars 6, Solar System Exploration, NASA https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?Sort=Alpha&Letter=M&Alias=Mars%206.

  22. 22.

    Russia funds a proposal to land on Jupiter’s moon Ganymede, RussianSpaceWeb.com http://russianspaceweb.com/laplas.html.

  23. 23.

    Russian Funds a Proposal to Land on Jupiter’s Moon Ganymede, http://www.russianspaceweb.com/laplas.html (Accessed August 25, 2015).

  24. 24.

    Luna 1, Solar System Exploration, NASA.gov https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?Sort=Target&Target=Moon&MCode=Luna_01. Also see

    Luna 2, Solar System Exploration, NASA.gov https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?Sort=Target&Target=Moon&MCode=Luna_02 (Accessed August 25, 2015).

  25. 25.

    Luna 9, Solar System Exploration, NASA (Accessed August 25, 2015) https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?Sort=Target&Target=Moon&MCode=Luna_09.

  26. 26.

    Luna 10, Solar System Exploration, NASA.gov (Accessed August 25, 2015) https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?Sort=Target&Target=Moon&MCode=Luna_10&Display=ReadMore.

  27. 27.

    Luna 11, Solar System Exploration, NASA.gov (Accessed August 25, 2015) https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?Sort=Target&Target=Moon&MCode=Luna_11. Also see

    Luna 12, Solar System Exploration, NASA.gov (Accessed August 25, 2015) https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?Sort=Target&Target=Moon&MCode=Luna_12&Display=ReadMore.

  28. 28.

    Luna 13, Solar System Exploration, NASA.gov (Accessed August 25, 2015) https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?Sort=Target&Target=Moon&MCode=Luna_13. Also see:

    Luna 14, Solar System Exploration, NASA.gov (Accessed August 25, 2015) https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?Sort=Target&Target=Moon&MCode=Luna_14.

  29. 29.

    Luna 16, Solar System Exploration, NASA.gov (Accessed August 25, 2015) https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?Sort=Target&Target=Moon&MCode=Luna_16.

  30. 30.

    Luna17/Lunokhod 1, Solar System Exploration, NASA.gov (Accessed August 25, 2015) https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?Sort=Target&Target=Moon&MCode=Luna_17.

  31. 31.

    Luna 19, Solar System Exploration, NASA.gov (Accessed August 25, 2015) https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?Sort=Target&Target=Moon&MCode=Luna_19. Also see:

    Luna 20, Solar System Exploration, NASA.gov (Accessed August 25, 2015) https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?Sort=Target&Target=Moon&MCode=Luna_20.

  32. 32.

    Luna 21/Lunokhod 2, Solar System Exploration, NASA.gov (Accessed August 25, 2015) https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?Sort=Target&Target=Moon&MCode=Luna_21.

  33. 33.

    Luna 22, Solar System Exploration, NASA.gov (Accessed August 25, 2015) https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?Sort=Target&Target=Moon&MCode=Luna_22.

  34. 34.

    Russian Moon missions face three-year delay, RussianSpaceWeb.com http://www.russianspaceweb.com/spacecraft_planetary_2014.html.

  35. 35.

    Luna Glob Mission (Accessed August 25, 2015) http://www.russianspaceweb.com/images/spacecraft/planetary/moon/luna_glob/lg_lander_2011_1.jpg.

  36. 36.

    Zond 7, Solar System Exploration, NASA.gov (Accessed August 25, 2015) https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/profile.cfm?Sort=Target&Target=Moon&MCode=Zond_07.

  37. 37.

    Cecilia Jasasmie, “Russia Pushes Forward Plans to Mine the Moon”, Mining.com http://www.mining.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/russia-is-seriously-advancing-plans-to-mine-the-moon.jpg.

  38. 38.

    Adam Minter, “The Asteroid-Ming Race Begins” Bloomberg View, September 8, 2014, http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2014-09-08/the-asteroid-mining-race-begins.

  39. 39.

    Adam Minter, “The Asteroid-Ming Race Begins” Bloomberg View, September 8, 2014, http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2014-09-08/the-asteroid-mining-race-begins.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Air and Space Law, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada

    Ram S. Jakhu

  2. Executive Board, International Association for the Advancement of Space Safety, Arlington, VA, USA

    Joseph N. Pelton

  3. African Union Commission, Pan African University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

    Yaw Otu Mankata Nyampong

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  1. Ram S. Jakhu
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  2. Joseph N. Pelton
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Jakhu, R.S., Pelton, J.N., Nyampong, Y.O.M. (2017). Space Enterprises in Russia and the Former Soviet Union. In: Space Mining and Its Regulation . Springer Praxis Books(). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39246-2_7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39246-2_7

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