Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Pediatric Urogenital Radiology pp 537–552Cite as

Imaging in Urinary Tract Infections

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

Part of the book series: Medical Radiology ((Med Radiol Diagn Imaging))

Abstract

Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the most common bacterial infections in childhood, affecting 8 % of girls and 2 % during the first 8 years of life. Up to 6 months of age, the prevalence is higher in boys than in girls (see also chapter “UTI and VUR”). In school age UTI is two- to fourfold more prevalent in girls and up to 5 % of all girls contract a UTI during their school years (Brandstrom and Hansson 2014).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

References

  • Brader P, Riccabona M, Schwarz T, Seebacher U, Ring E (2008) Value of comprehensive renal ultrasound in children with acute urinary tract infection for assessment of renal involvement: comparison with DMSA scintigraphy and final diagnosis. Eur Radiol 18(12):2981–2989. doi:10.1007/s00330-008-1081-z

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brandstrom P, Hansson S (2014) Long-term, low-dose prophylaxis against urinary tract infections in young children. Pediatr Nephrol. doi:10.1007/s00467-014-2854-z

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chakupurakal R, Ahmed M, Sobithadevi DN, Chinnappan S, Reynolds T (2010) Urinary tract pathogens and resistance pattern. J Clin Pathol 63(7):652–654. doi:10.1136/jcp.2009.074617

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng CH, Tsau YK, Hsu SY, Lee TL (2004) Effective ultrasonographic predictor for the diagnosis of acute lobar nephronia. Pediatr Infect Dis J 23(1):11–14. doi:10.1097/01.inf.0000105202.57991.3e

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng CH, Tsau YK, Lin TY (2010) Is acute lobar nephronia the midpoint in the spectrum of upper urinary tract infections between acute pyelonephritis and renal abscess? J Pediatr 156(1):82–86. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.07.010

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dacher JN, Pfister C, Monroc M, Eurin D, LeDosseur P (1996) Power Doppler sonographic pattern of acute pyelonephritis in children: comparison with CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol 166(6):1451–1455. doi:10.2214/ajr.166.6.8633462

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Das CJ, Ahmad Z, Sharma S, Gupta AK (2014) Multimodality imaging of renal inflammatory lesions. World J Radiol. 28;6(11):865–873

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Faust WC, Diaz M, Pohl HG (2009) Incidence of post-pyelonephritic renal scarring: a meta-analysis of the dimercapto-succinic acid literature. J Urol 181(1):290–297. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2008.09.039; discussion 7–8

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Festekjian A, Neely M (2011) Incidence and predictors of invasive candidiasis associated with candidaemia in children. Mycoses 54(2):146–153. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0507.2009.01785.x

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Fidan K, Kandur Y, Buyukkaragoz B, Akdemir UO, Soylemezoglu O (2013) Hypertension in pediatric patients with renal scarring in association with vesicoureteral reflux. Urology 81(1):173–177. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2012.09.003

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garin EH, Olavarria F, Araya C, Broussain M, Barrera C, Young L (2007) Diagnostic significance of clinical and laboratory findings to localize site of urinary infection. Pediatr Nephrol 22(7):1002–1006. doi:10.1007/s00467-007-0465-7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gasmi M, Jemai R, Fitouri F, Ben Slama A, Sahli S, Hamzaoui M (2010) Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis in childhood: diagnosis difficulties and success of conservative treatment. Tunis Med 88(6):427–429

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ghartimagar D, Ghosh A, Shrestha MK, Talwar OP, Sathian B (2013) 14 years hospital based study on clinical and morphological spectrum of hydatid disease. JNMA J Nepal Med Assoc 52(190):349–353

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kocyigit A, Yuksel S, Bayram R, Yilmaz I, Karabulut N (2014) Efficacy of magnetic resonance urography in detecting renal scars in children with vesicoureteral reflux. Pediatr Nephrol 29(7):1215–1220. doi:10.1007/s00467-014-2766-y

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MacKenzie JR (1996) A review of renal scarring in children. Nucl Med Commun 17(3):176–190

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McCarville MB, Hoffer FA, Gingrich JR, Jenkins JJ 3rd (2000) Imaging findings of hemorrhagic cystitis in pediatric oncology patients. Pediatr Radiol 30(3):131–138

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • McDonald K, Kenney I (2014) Paediatric urinary tract infections: a retrospective application of the National Institute of Clinical Excellence guidelines to a large general practitioner referred historical cohort. Pediatr Radiol 44(9):1085–1092. doi:10.1007/s00247-014-2967-3

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Milosevic D, Trkulja V, Turudic D, Batinic D, Spajic B, Tesovic G (2013) Ultrasound bladder wall thickness measurement in diagnosis of recurrent urinary tract infections and cystitis cystica in prepubertal girls. J Pediatr Urol 9(6 Pt B):1170–1177. doi:10.1016/j.jpurol.2013.04.019

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Montini G, Rigon L, Zucchetta P, Fregonese F, Toffolo A, Gobber D et al (2008) Prophylaxis after first febrile urinary tract infection in children? A multicenter, randomized, controlled, noninferiority trial. Pediatrics 122(5):1064–1071. doi:10.1542/peds.2007-3770

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mori R, Lakhanpaul M, Verrier-Jones K (2007) Diagnosis and management of urinary tract infection in children: summary of NICE guidance. BMJ 335(7616):395–397. doi:10.1136/bmj.39286.700891.AD

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Muller LS (2014) Ultrasound of the paediatric urogenital tract. Eur J Radiol 83(9):1538–1548. doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2014.04.001

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pedrosa I, Saiz A, Arrazola J, Ferreiros J, Pedrosa CS (2000) Hydatid disease: radiologic and pathologic features and complications. Radiographics 20(3):795–817. doi:10.1148/radiographics.20.3.g00ma06795

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peters C, Rushton HG (2010) Vesicoureteral reflux associated renal damage: congenital reflux nephropathy and acquired renal scarring. J Urol 184(1):265–273. doi:10.1016/j.juro.2010.03.076

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rami M, Khattala K, ElMadi A, Afifi MA, Bouabddallah Y (2011) The renal hydatid cyst: report on 4 cases. Pan Afr Med J 8:31

    PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Riccabona M (2014) Ultrasound of the urogenital tract, Fig 10.22. In: Riccabona M (ed) Pediatric ultrasound, requisites and applications. Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg. ISBN 978-3-642-39155-2

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Riccabona M (2015/2016). Imaging in childhood urinary tract infection. La Radiologia Medica; e-pblished Nov 2015. doi: 10.1007/s11547-015-0594-1

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riccabona M, Avni FE, Blickman JG, Dacher JN, Darge K, Lobo ML et al (2008) Imaging recommendations in paediatric uroradiology: minutes of the ESPR workgroup session on urinary tract infection, fetal hydronephrosis, urinary tract ultrasonography and voiding cystourethrography, Barcelona, Spain, June 2007. Pediatr Radiol 38(2):138–145. doi:10.1007/s00247-007-0695-7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Riccabona M, Avni FE, Dacher JN, Damasio MB, Darge K, Lobo ML et al (2010) ESPR uroradiology task force and ESUR paediatric working group: imaging and procedural recommendations in paediatric uroradiology, part III. Minutes of the ESPR uroradiology task force minisymposium on intravenous urography, uro-CT and MR-urography in childhood. Pediatr Radiol 40(7):1315–1320. doi:10.1007/s00247-010-1686-7

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ristola MT, Hurme T (2014) NICE guidelines cannot be recommended for imaging studies in children younger than 3 years with urinary tract infection. Eur J Pediatr Surg. doi:10.1055/s-0034-1384646

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shaikh N, Ewing AL, Bhatnagar S, Hoberman A (2010) Risk of renal scarring in children with a first urinary tract infection: a systematic review. Pediatrics 126(6):1084–1091. doi:10.1542/peds.2010-0685

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shaikh N, Craig JC, Rovers MM, Da Dalt L, Gardikis S, Hoberman A et al (2014) Identification of children and adolescents at risk for renal scarring after a first urinary tract infection: a meta-analysis with individual patient data. JAMA Pediatr 168(10):893–900. doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.637

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shimizu M, Katayama K, Kato E, Miyayama S, Sugata T, Ohta K (2005) Evolution of acute focal bacterial nephritis into a renal abscess. Pediatr Nephrol 20(1):93–95. doi:10.1007/s00467-004-1646-2

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sinha MD, Gibson P, Kane T, Lewis MA (2007) Accuracy of ultrasonic detection of renal scarring in different centres using DMSA as the gold standard. Nephrol Dial Transplant 22(8):2213–2216. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfm155, gfm155 [pii]

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Snodgrass WT, Shah A, Yang M, Kwon J, Villanueva C, Traylor J et al (2013) Prevalence and risk factors for renal scars in children with febrile UTI and/or VUR: a cross-sectional observational study of 565 consecutive patients. J Pediatr Urol 9(6 Pt A):856–863. doi:10.1016/j.jpurol.2012.11.019

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sorantin E, Fotter R, Aigner R, Ring E, Riccabona M (1997) The sonographically thickened wall of the upper urinary tract: correlation with other imaging methods. Pediatr Radiol 27:667–671

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tullus K (2011) Difficulties in diagnosing urinary tract infections in small children. Pediatr Nephrol 26(11):1923–1926. doi:10.1007/s00467-011-1966-y

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tullus K (2013) A review of guidelines for urinary tract infections in children younger than 2 years. Pediatr Ann 42(3):52–56. doi:10.3928/00904481-20130222-10

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uehling DT, Hahnfeld LE, Scanlan KA (2000) Urinary tract abnormalities in children with acute focal bacterial nephritis. BJU Int 85(7):885–888

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Subcommittee on Urinary Tract Infection SCoQI, Management; Roberts KB (2011) Urinary tract infection: clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and management of the initial UTI in febrile infants and children 2 to 24 months. Pediatrics 128(3):595–610. doi:10.1542/peds.2011-1330

  • Vivier PH, Sallem A, Beurdeley M, Lim RP, Leroux J, Caudron J et al (2014) MRI and suspected acute pyelonephritis in children: comparison of diffusion-weighted imaging with gadolinium-enhanced T1-weighted imaging. Eur Radiol 24(1):19–25. doi:10.1007/s00330-013-2971-2

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wang YT, Lin KY, Chen MJ, Chiou YY (2003) Renal abscess in children: a clinical retrospective study. Acta Paediatr Taiwan 44(4):197–201

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wennerstrom M, Hansson S, Jodal U, Stokland E (2000) Primary and acquired renal scarring in boys and girls with urinary tract infection. J Pediatr 136(1):30–34

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Yim HE, Yim H, Bae ES, Woo SU, Yoo KH (2014) Predictive value of urinary and serum biomarkers in young children with febrile urinary tract infections. Pediatr Nephrol 29(11):2181–2189. doi:10.1007/s00467-014-2845-0

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zugor V, Schott GE, Labanaris AP (2007) Xanthogranulo-matous pyelonephritis in childhood: a critical analysis of 10 cases and of the literature. Urology 70(1):157–160. doi:10.1016/j.urology.2007.02.068

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Unit for Paediatric Radiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway

    Lil-Sofie Ording Muller MD, PhD

  2. Department of Pediatric Radiology, Jeanne de Flandre Hospital, Lille University Hospital, 59037, Lille, France

    Freddy Avni MD, PhD

  3. Department of Radiology, Division of Pediatric Radiology, University Hospital Graz, Graz, Austria

    Michael Riccabona MD

Authors
  1. Lil-Sofie Ording Muller MD, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Freddy Avni MD, PhD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Michael Riccabona MD
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Lil-Sofie Ording Muller MD, PhD .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Pediatric Radiology, University Hospital, LKH Graz, Graz, Austria

    Michael Riccabona

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Muller, LS.O., Avni, F., Riccabona, M. (2018). Imaging in Urinary Tract Infections. In: Riccabona, M. (eds) Pediatric Urogenital Radiology. Medical Radiology(). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39202-8_30

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39202-8_30

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-39200-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-39202-8

  • eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation