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Cancer Immunity and Immune Evasion Mechanisms

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Biomarkers of the Tumor Microenvironment

Abstract

Understanding the role of the immune system in cancer development and progression is a challenging process. The collective efforts unequivocally show that the immune system is playing a dual role in promoting and inhibiting tumor development. The tumor microenvironment is highly infiltrated by immune cells, which includes innate (macrophages, mast cells, neutrophils, dendritic cells, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells) and adaptive (T and B) cells. This diverse set of cells contributes to the secretion of different pro-inflammatory immune mediators creating a microenvironment that influences cancer growth in a pleiotropic manner. It is the composition of inflammatory mediators and the activation status of different immune cells that interact with the tumor to dictate either tumor regression or tumor progression. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells play a pivotal role in anticancer immunity. The CD4+ T cells are instrumental in eliminating cancer cells by secreting various cytokines and activating and recruiting other cell types such as macrophages and granulocytes. However, CD4+ T cell-mediated activation of CD8+ T cells and subsequent cytotoxic activity of the CD8+ T cells represent the major effector mechanism of antitumor immunity. Here, we review and discuss the current knowledge with respect to the functional role and prognostic significance of individual T cell subsets in various malignancies.

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Acknowledgments

We apologize to all authors whose work we were unable to cite due to space restrictions. Our work is supported by grants from Research Council of Norway (221938 to E.M. Aandahl; 204784 and 187615 to K. Taskén), Norwegian Cancer Society (741746 to E.M. Aandahl; 419544 to K. Taskén), South Eastern Norway Regional Health Authority (2010038 to E.M. Aandahl), and KG Jebsen Foundation (2012/21 and 2012/23 to K. Taskén and E.M. Aandahl). S. Chellappa is a post-doctoral fellow funded by The Research Council of Norway.

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  1. Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Nordic EMBL Partnership, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

    Stalin Chellappa Ph.D, Einar M. Aandahl M.D., Ph.D & Kjetil Taskén M.D., Ph.D

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  1. Stalin Chellappa Ph.D
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  2. Einar M. Aandahl M.D., Ph.D
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  3. Kjetil Taskén M.D., Ph.D
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Correspondence to Kjetil Taskén M.D., Ph.D .

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  1. Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

    Lars A. Akslen

  2. Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Randolph S. Watnick

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Chellappa, S., Aandahl, E.M., Taskén, K. (2017). Cancer Immunity and Immune Evasion Mechanisms. In: Akslen, L., Watnick, R. (eds) Biomarkers of the Tumor Microenvironment. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39147-2_8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39147-2_8

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