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Models of Tumor Progression in Prostate Cancer

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Biomarkers of the Tumor Microenvironment

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Abstract

Human prostate cancer is initiated in a benign prostate epithelial cell which gains the potential to progress to metastatic disease. The exact cell of origin of prostate cancer has been debated in recent years based upon different models. Primary prostate epithelial cells have restricted life-spans in culture, but can be immortalized. Prostate cancer cell lines have been difficult to establish and new ones are desirable. Attempts to transform benign prostate epithelial cells in vitro have proved difficult without the use of strong carcinogens or oncogenes in processes not likely to mimic closely carcinogenesis in the aging human prostate. Models of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and cancer stem cells in prostate carcinogenesis have become available, and advances in three-dimensional organoid culture technology represent a breakthrough in prostate cancer research. Organoids may recapitulate multiple features of prostate cancer and have the potential to replace costly and laborious animal experiments. Still, animal models are needed to investigate and validate molecular mechanisms and to develop therapeutic principles in the pipeline between in vitro experiments and clinical applications. Although mice represent the most common experimental animal in prostate cancer research, species like rat, dog, and zebrafish may have advantages depending upon the hypothesis or question. Animal models can generally be categorized into spontaneous or induced development of cancer, immunodeficient animals with xenografts, and genetically engineered animals. In prostate cancer, neuroendocrine differentiation and bone metastases are prevalent in the final stages of cancer progression and animal models that recapitulate these processes are available.

The original version of this chapter was revised. An erratum to this chapter can be found at DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-39147-2_23

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

    Waqas Azeem, Yaping Hua, Karl-Henning Kalland, Xisong Ke, Jan Roger Olsen, Anne Margrete Øyan & Yi Qu

  2. Department of Microbiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway

    Waqas Azeem, Yaping Hua, Karl-Henning Kalland, Xisong Ke, Jan Roger Olsen, Anne Margrete Øyan & Yi Qu

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  1. Waqas Azeem
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  1. Centre for Cancer Biomarkers CCBIO, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway

    Lars A. Akslen

  2. Vascular Biology Program, Department of Surgery, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA

    Randolph S. Watnick

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Azeem, W. et al. (2017). Models of Tumor Progression in Prostate Cancer. In: Akslen, L., Watnick, R. (eds) Biomarkers of the Tumor Microenvironment. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-39147-2_19

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