Abstract
Few dental treatments have been more successful and conservative in nature than tooth whitening. Therefore, it is noteworthy to mention the efforts of pioneers in our dental profession who continuously attempted to search for the most effective and safest whitening agent. This quest has extended to determine the best whitening technique to meet our patients’ desires and expectations about the aesthetic outcome. Here, a short history of tooth whitening agents developed and employed based on the type of discoloration is summarized, as is our current knowledge on the relative efficacy and safety of various types of tooth whitening regimens available. The information on proper diagnosis and treatment planning will guide the clinician in establishing a step-by-step protocol for determining the etiology of the discoloration, selecting the best whitening technique, and monitoring tooth color until the desired outcome has been achieved.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abbot CH (1918) Bleaching discolored teeth by means of 30 per cent perhydrol and the electric light rays. J Allied Dent Soc 13:259
Abou-Rass M (1982) The elimination of tetracycline discoloration by intentional endodontics and internal bleaching. J Endod 8:101–106
AlShehri A, Kwon SR (2016) Managing white spot lesions. Decis Dent 2:18–23
American Academy on Pediatric Dentistry Council on Clinical Affairs (2015) Policy on the use of dental bleaching for child and adolescent patients. Pediatr Dent 37(6Suppl):76
American Dental Association Council on Scientific Affairs (2009) Tooth whitening/bleaching: treatment considerations for dentists and their patients. ADA, Chicago
Atkinson CB (1862) Bleaching teeth, when discolored from loss of vitality: Means for preventing their discoloration and ulceration. Dent Cosmos 3:74–77
Auschill TM, Hellwig E, Schmidale S, Sculean A, Arweiler NB (2005) Efficacy, side-effects and patients’ acceptance of different bleaching techniques (OTC, in-office, at-home). Oper Dent 30:156–163
Barghi N, Morgan J (1997) Bleaching following porcelain veneers: clinical cases. Am J Dent 10:254–256
Bizhang M, Chun YH, Damerau K, Singh P, Raab WH, Zimmer S (2009) Comparative clinical study of the effectiveness of three different bleaching methods. Oper Dent 34:635–641
Bouschor CF (1965) Bleaching fluorosis stained teeth. N M Dent J 16:33–34
Browning WD, Chan DC, Myers ML, Brackett WW, Brackett MG, Pashley DH (2008) Comparison of traditional and low sensitivity whiteners. Oper Dent 33:379–385
Calvadini C, Siega-Riz AM, Popkin BM (2000) US adolescent food intake trends from 1965 to 1996. Archs Dis Child 83:18–24
Carrillo A, Arredondo Trevino MV, Haywood VB (1998) Simulaneous bleaching of vital teeth and an open-chamber nonvital tooth with 10% carbamide peroxide. Quintessence Int 29:643–648
Chandra S, Chawla TN (1975) Clinical evaluation of the sandpaper disk method for removing fluorosis stains from teeth. J Am Dent Assoc 90:1273–1276
Chapple JA (1877) Hints and queries. Dent Cosmos 19:499
Chu SJ (2003) Use of a reflectance spectrophotometer in evaluating shade change resulting from tooth-whitening products. J Esthet Restor Dent 15(Suppl 1):S42–S48
Cohen S, Parkins FM (1970) Bleaching tetracycline-stained vital teeth. Oral Sug Oral Med Oral Pathol 29:465–471
Colon PG Jr, McInnes JW (1980) Removing fluorosis stains: reflections of thirty years experience. Quintessence Int Dent Dig 7:61–67
Croll TP (1989) Enamel microabrasion for removal of superficial discoloration. J Esthet Dent 1:14–20
Cubbon T, Ore D (1991) Hard tissue and home tooth whiteners. CDS Rev 84:32–35
Da Costa JB, McPharlin R, Paravina RD, Ferracane JL (2010) Comparison of at-home and in-office tooth whitening using a novel shade guide. Oper Dent 35:381–388
Darnell DH, Moore WC (1990) Vital tooth bleaching: the white and brite technique. Compendium 11:86, 88,90, 92–94
Dutra A, Frary J, Wise R (2004) Higher-order needs drive new growth in mature consumer markets. J Bus Strategy 25:26–34
Dwinelle WH (1850) Proceedings of ninth annual meeting of the American society of dental surgeons: discussion of bleaching dead teeth. Am J Dent Soc 1:57–61
Engel D (2011) Update: the ADA seal of acceptance program. J Mich Dent Assoc 93:20
Feinman RA (1987) Bleaching. A combination therapy. CDA J 15:10–13
Fisher G (1911) The bleaching of discolored teeth with H2O2. Dent Cosmos 53:246–247
Gallo JR, Burgess JO, Ripps AH, Bell MJ, Mercante DE, Davidson JM (2009) Evaluation of 30% carbamide peroxide at-home bleaching gels with and without potassium nitrate-a pilot study. Quintessence Int 40:e1–e6
Garber DA, Goldstein RE, Goldstein GE, Schwartz CG (1991) Dentist monitored bleaching: a combined approach. Pract Periodontics Aesthet Dent 3:22–26
Gerlach RW (2000) Shifting paradigms in whitening: introduction of a novel system for vital tooth bleaching. Compend Contin Educ Dent Suppl 29:S4–S9
Giachetti L, Bertini F, Bambi C, Nieri M, Scaminaci Russo D (2010) A randomized clinical trial comparing at-home and in-office whitening techniques: a nine-month follow-up. J Am Dent Assoc 141:1357–1364
Hall DA (1991) Should etching be performed as a part of a vital bleaching technique? Quintessence Int 22:679–686
Hammel S (1998) Do-it-yourself tooth whitening is risky. US News World Report 2:66
Harlan AW (1884) The removal of stain from the teeth caused by administration of medicinal agents and the bleaching of pulpless teeth. Am J Dent Soc 20:1884–1885
Harrington GW, Natkin E (1979) External resorption associated with bleaching of pulpless teeth. J Endod 5:344–348
Haywood VB (1991) Overview and status of mouthguard bleaching. J Esthet Dent 3:157–161
Haywood VB (1992) History, safety, and effectiveness of current bleaching techniques and applications of the nightguard vital bleaching technique. Quintessence Int 23:471–488
Haywood VB, Heymann HO (1989) Nightguard vital bleaching. Quintessence Int 20:173–176
Haywood VB, Parker MH (1999) Nightguard vital bleaching beneath existing porcelain veneers: a case report. Quintessence Int 30:743–747
Hilton TJ, Ferracane JL, Broome JC (2013) Summitt’s fundamentals of operative dentistry, 4th edn. Quintessence Publishing Co, Inc, Hanover Park, p 417
FDA approved ion laser technology. http://google2.fda.gov/search?q=ion+laser+technology+for+bleaching+teeth&client=FDAgov&site=FDAgov&lr=&proxystylesheet=FDAgov&requiredfields=−archive%3AYes&output=xml:no_dtd&getfields=*. Accessed Feb 10 2016
Hunter RS (1987) The measurement of appearance, 2nd edn. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York
International Organization for Standardization (2011) ISO 28399 dentistry- products for external tooth bleaching. International Organization for Standardization, Geneva
Jadad E, Montoya J, Arana G, Gordillo LA, Palo RM, Loguercio AD (2011) Spectrophotometric evaluation of color alterations with a new dental bleaching product in patients wearing orthodontic appliances. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 140:e43–e47
Kirk EC (1889) The chemical bleaching of teeth. Dent Cosmos 31:273–283
Kirk EC (1906) Chemical principles involved in tooth discoloration. Dent Cosmos 48:947–954
Kurthy R (2001) Improve your bleaching results with bleaching trays that fit. Dent Today 20:68–70
Kwon SR (2007) The sealed bleaching technique. Aesthet Dent Today 5:18–22
Kwon SR (2011) Whitening the single discolored tooth. Dent Clin North Am 55:229–239
Kwon SR, Li Y (2013) Ensure the success of tooth whitening: how to effectively monitor color change during the bleaching process. Dimen Dent Hyg 11:52–55
Kwon SR, Ko S, Greenwall L (2009) Tooth whitening in esthetic dentistry. Quint Pub Co Inc, Germany
Kwon SR, Kurti SR, Oyoyo U, Li Y (2015a) Effect of various tooth whitening modalities on microhardness, surface roughness and surface morphology of the enamel. Odontology 103:274–279
Kwon SR, Meharry M, Oyoyo U, Li Y (2015b) Efficacy of do-it-yourself whitening as compared to conventional tooth whitening modalities; an in vitro study. Oper Dent 40:E21–E27
Latimer JS (1868) Notes from the discussion of the society of dental surgeons in the city of New York. Dent Cosmos 10:257–258
Leonard RH Jr (2003) Long-term treatment results with night guard vital bleaching. Compend Contin Educ Dent 24:364–374
Lussi A, Hellwog E, Zero D, Jaeggi T (2006) Erosive tooth wear: diagnosis, risk factors and prevention. Am J Dent 19:319–325
Lynch E (2004) Ozone: the revolution in dentistry. Quintessence Publishing, Hanover Park
Maghaireh GA, Alzraikat H, Guidoum A (2014) Assessment of the effect of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate on postoperative sensitivity associated with in-office vital tooth whitening. Oper Dent 39:239–247
Matis BA, Gaiao U, Blackman D, Schultz FA, Eckert GJ (1999) In vivo degradation of bleaching gel used in whitening teeth. J Am Dent Assoc 130:227–235
Miara P (2000) An innovative chairside bleaching protocol for treating stained dentition: initial results. Pract Periodontics Anesthet Dent 12:669–676
Mrazek B (2004) Don’t bleach until you see the white of their eyes. Compend Contin Educ Dent 25:472–476
Natural Teeth Whitening Solutions. Available at: http://www.doctoroz.com/videos/natural-teeth-whitening-solutions. Accessed 8 May 2014
Navarra CO, Reda B, Diolosà M, Casula I, Di Lenarda R, Breschi L, Cadenaro M (2014) The effects of two 10% carbamide peroxide nightguard bleaching agents, with and without desensitizer, on enamel and sensitivity: an in vitro study. Int J Dent Hyg 12:115–120
Nutting EB, Poe GS (1967) Chemical bleaching of discolored endodontically treated teeth. Dent Clin North Am 11:655–662
Ontiveros JC, Paravina RD (2009) Color change of vital teeth exposed to bleaching performed with and without supplementary light. J Dent 37:840–847
Paravina RD (2008) New shade guide for tooth whitening monitoring: visual assessment. J Prosthet Dent 99:178–184
Pashley DH (1989) Dentin: a dynamic substrate-a review. Scanning Microsc 3:161–174
Pearson HH (1958) Bleaching of the discolored pulpless tooth. J Am Dent Assoc 56:64–68
Pinto MM, de Godoy CH, Bortoletto CC, Olivan SR, Motta LJ, Altavista OM, Lumi K, Sobral AP, Bussadori SK (2014) Tooth whitening with hydrogen peroxide in adolescents: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 15:395
Prinz H (1924) Recent improvement in tooth bleaching. Dent Cosmos 66:558–560
Reyto R (1998) Laser tooth whitening. Dent Clin North Am 42:755–762
Rosenthal P (1911) The combined use of ultraviolet rays and hydrogen dioxide for bleaching teeth. Dent Cosmos 53:246–247
Serraglio CR, Zanella L, Dalla-Vecchia KB, Rodrigues-Junior SA (2016) Efficacy and safety of over-the-counter whitening strips as compared to home-whitening with 10% carbamide peroxide gel-systematic review of RCTs and meta-analysis. Clin Oral Investig 20:1–14
Settembrini L, Gultz J, Kaim J, Scherer W (1997) A technique for bleaching nonvital teeth: Inside/outside bleaching. J Am Dent Assoc 128:1283–1284
Spasser HF (1961) A simple bleaching technique using sodium perborate. N Y State Dent J 27:332–334
Stellwagen TC (1870) Bleaching teeth. Dent Cosmos 12:625–627
Stewart GG (1965) Bleaching discolored pulpless teeth. J Am Dent Assoc 70:325–328
Wang Y, Gao J, Jiang T, Liang S, Zhou Y, Matis B (2015) Evaluation of the efficacy of potassium nitrate and sodium fluoride as desensitizing agents during tooth bleaching treatment-A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dent 43:913–923
Westlake A (1895) Bleaching teeth by electricity. Am J Dent Soc 29:101
Woodnut C (1861) Discoloration of dentine. Dent Cosmos 2:662
Zaragoza VMT (1984) Bleaching of vital teeth: technique. Estomodeo 9:7–30
Acknowledgment
Special thanks to Taylor & Francis for granting permission to use and update Table 2.1 in Bleaching Techniques in Restorative Dentistry Edn 1 by Linda Greenwall.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kwon, S.R. (2016). Introduction to Tooth Whitening. In: Perdigão, J. (eds) Tooth Whitening. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-38849-6_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-38849-6_1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-38847-2
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-38849-6
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)