Abstract
The placenta transfers nutrients, gases, and waste products between maternal and fetal circulations. Placental transfer capacity is determined by a wide range of factors such as placental surface area and thickness, the abundance of transporters, the gradient of concentrations between both maternal and fetal compartments, placental metabolism and utero-placental flows, and other environmental stimuli. Substances need to cross several cellular layers, among them the trophoblast, through different transport mechanisms such as simple or facilitated diffusion or active transport. Early placentation, which is very critical for optimum placental capacity, depends on the extensive remodeling of the maternal uterine vasculature producing low-resistance blood vessels that facilitate the exchange of nutrients and wastes between the mother and the fetus (Zhong et al. 2010). Proper placental development is critical for fetal growth and development (Myatt 2002). The shallow invasion of the spiral arterioles and the maternal decidual stroma by the extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs) results in poor maternal blood flow to the feto-placental unit. Consequently, this reduces oxygen and nutrients’ delivery to the fetus. Concomitantly, ischemia–reperfusion injury may follow inappropriate vasoconstriction of untransformed arteries, increasing oxidative stress, syncytiotrophoblast shedding, and maternal systemic vascular inflammation. All these are important features of preeclampsia (PE). In addition, the compromised placental growth and development may affect fetal growth and development due to the result of insufficient placental transfer of maternal nutrients such as lipids, glucose, amino acids, minerals, and vitamins. There are several other factors that affect the placental transport function such as interrelationships of maternal food intake, availability of nutrients in the maternal circulation, and ability of the placenta to efficiently transport substrates to the fetal circulation.
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Duttaroy, A.K., Basak, S. (2016). Placentation as a Predictor of Feto-Placental Outcome: Effects of Early Nutrition. In: Early Nutrition and Lifestyle Factors. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-38804-5_1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-38804-5_1
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