Abstract
Presence and pattern of both PACAP38 and PACAP27 have been shown by immunocytochemistry, radioimmunoassay and Western blotting in various earthworm tissues. However, the identification of peptide coding mRNA of PACAP has not yet been carried out, so the exact experimental evidences of PACAP expression in this invertebrate group are missing. In spite of this, we have concluded that PACAP-like molecules (having recognizable epitopes for antibodies raised against PACAP) are expressed in earthworms. There are some strong supports of this hypothesis, namely (1) PACAP stimulates the cAMP synthesis of earthworm tissues in in vitro experiments, (2) occurrence of the specific PACAP receptor (PAC1) has been shown by electron microscopic immunocytochemistry in the central nervous system and (3) isolated PAC1 immunoreactive compound binds the synthetic PACAP molecules. Significant overexpression of PACAP-like molecules have been found in the body wall and injured central nervous system (CNS) of worms during the posterior segment regeneration. Accumulation of the PACAP-like molecules in the suboesophageal ganglion and the cauterized circumpharyngeal connectives has been shown in brain extirpated specimens, suggesting that these compounds are absolutely necessary for nervous tissue regeneration. Inhibitory effect of PACAP antagonists on the nervous tissue regeneration supports the putative morphogenetic role of PACAP-like peptides. Expressions of both PACAP-like compounds and PAC1 receptor have been characteristic signs of the increased activity of the specific immune cells (coelomocytes) during the regeneration and embryonic development. Similar effects and influences have been described in certain invertebrate and vertebrate species as well. Marked similarity between the invertebrate (cnidarian, gastropod) chordate (tunicate) and vertebrate, PACAP has been identified by several research groups. These findings and our results strongly suggest that PACAP belongs to those highly conserved peptides that developed during the phylogeny of the metazoans.
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Acknowledgement
We gratefully acknowledge the support of the János Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
The present scientific contribution is dedicated to the 650th anniversary of the foundation of the University of Pecs, Hungary.
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Molnar, L., Engelmann, P., Steib, A., Pollak, E. (2016). PACAP-Like Compounds of Earthworms: Identification and Putative Functions from Embryonic Development to Brain Regeneration. In: Reglodi, D., Tamas, A. (eds) Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide — PACAP. Current Topics in Neurotoxicity, vol 11. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-35135-3_3
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