Abstract
Esophageal and gastric carcinomas affect millions of individuals worldwide, placing a considerable burden on society. Unfortunately, preventative medicine falls short as screening methods for the upper gastrointestinal tract lack the ability to detect early onset disease. The overwhelming majority of cases present after symptoms appear when individuals have advanced disease with a poor prognosis. Further complicating matters, the anatomic location of these neoplasms engenders rapid tumor progression, which repeatedly thwarts successful surgical treatment. This chapter will focus on the pathological features of malignant neoplasms of the esophagus and stomach.
Eduard Matkovic, MD and Michael Schwalbe, MD have contributed equally.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Ando N et al (2000) Improvement in the results of surgical treatment of advanced squamous esophageal carcinoma during 15 consecutive years. Ann Surg 232(2):225–232
Arber N et al (1996) Increased expression of the cyclin D1 gene in Barrett’s esophagus. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 5:457–459
Berger AC et al (2005) Complete response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in esophageal carcinoma is associated with significantly improved survivial. J Clin Oncol 23:4330–4337
Bertuccio P, Chatenoud L, Fabio L et al (2009) Recent patterns in gastric cancer: a global overview. Int J Cancer 125:666–673
Bria E, Manzoni G, Beghelli S et al (2013) A clinical-biological risk stratification model for resected gastric cancer: prognostic impact of Her2, Fhit, and APC expression status. Ann Oncol 24:693–701
Brown LM et al (2002) Epidemiologic trends in esophageal and gastric cancer in the United States. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 11:235
Brown LM et al (2008) Incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus among white Americans by sex, stage, and age. J Natl Cancer Inst 100:1184–1187
Buskens CJ et al (2002) Prognostic significance of elevated cyclooxygenase 2 expression in patients with adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Gastroenterol 122:1800–1807
Cisco R, Ford J, Norton J (2008) Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer: implications of genetic testing for screening and prophylactic surgery. Cancer 113(7):1850–1856
Correa P, Shiao Y (1994) Phenotypic and genotypic events in gastric carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 54:1941s–1943s
De Vries A, Van Grieken N, Looman C (2008) Gastric cancer risk in patients with premalignant gastric lesions: a nationwide cohort study in the Netherlands. Gastroenterology 134:945–952
Derdoy J, Bergwerk A, Cohen H et al (2003) The gastric cardia: to be or not to be? Am J Surg Pathol 27(4): 499–504
Devesa SS et al (1998) Changing patterns in the incidence of esophageal and gastric carcinoma in the United States. Cancer 83:2049
Edge SB et al (2010). American joint committee on cancer staging manual, 7th edn. Springer, New York
Falk GW et al (1999) Jumbo biopsy forceps protocol still misses unsuspected cancer in Barrett’s esophagus with high-grade dysplasia. Gastrointest Endosc 49(2):170–176
Ferro A, Peletiero B, Malvezzi M et al (2014) Worldwide trends in gastric cancer mortality (1980–2011), with predictions to 2015, and incidence by subtype. Eur J Cancer 50:1330–1344
Forman D, Burley VJ (2006) Gastric cancer: global pattern of the disease and overview of environmental risk factors. Best Pract Res Cl Ga 20(4):633–649
Gleeson CM et al (1998) Comparison of p53 and DNA content abnormalities in adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus and gastric cardia. Br J Cancer 77:277–286
Goldblum JR et al (2010) Sternberg’s diagnostic surgical pathology. In: Mills SE (ed) 5th edn, vol 2,31. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, pp 1249–1278
Guillaume P, Messager M, Leteurtre E et al (2009) Signet ring cell histology is an independent predictor of poor prognosis in gastric adenocarcinoma regardless of tumoral clinical presentation. Ann Surg 250:878–887
Hartgrink H, Jansen E, van Grieken N, van de Held C (2009) Gastric cancer. Lancet 374:477–490
Hu B, Hajj N, Sittler S et al (2012) Gastric cancer: classification, histology and application of molecular pathology. J Gastrointest Oncol 3(3):251–261
Iwata T et al (2007) p53 and MIB-1 espression of esophageal carcinoma concomitant with achalasia. Hepatogastroentero 54:1430–1432
Izzo JG et al (2006) Association of activated transcription factor nuclear factor kappab with chemoradiation resistance and poor outcome in esophageal carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 24:748–754
Jenkins GJ et al (2002) Genetic pathways involved in the progression of Barrett’s metaplasia to adenocarcinoma. Br J Surg 89:824–837
Jiang W et al (1993). Altered expression of the cyclin D1 and retinoblastoma genes in human esophageal cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1, 90(19):9026–9030
Kalish RJ et al (1984) Clinical, epidemiologic, and morphologic comparison between adenocarcinomas arising in Barrett’s esophageal mucosa and in the gastric cardia. Gastroenterology 86(3):461–467
Kelley JR, Duggan JM (2003) Gastric cancer epidemiology and risk factors. J Cli Epi 56(1):1–9
Kim R et al (1997) Etiology of Barrett’s metaplasia and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Epidem Biomarker Prev. 6:369–377
Kirkwood K, Khitin L, Barwick K (1997) Prognostic indicators for cancer. Surg Oncol Clin North Am 6:495–514
Kunz P, Gubens M, Fisher G et al (2012) Long-term survivors of gastric cancer: a California population-based study. J Clin Oncol 30(28):3507–3515
Lagarde SM et al (2007) Molecular prognostic factors in adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastreophageal junction. Ann Surg Oncol 14:977–991
Lagergren J (2005). Adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus: what exactly is the size of the problem and who is at risk? Gut 54 Suppl 1:i1–i5
Lauren P (1965) The two histological main types of gastric carcinoma: diffuse and so-called intestinal-type Carcinoma. An attempt at histo-clinical classification. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 64:31–49
Lauwers GY, Carniero F, Graham DY et al (2010) Gastric carcinoma. In: Bosman FT, Carneiro F, Hruban RH, Theise ND (eds) WHO classification of tumour of the digestive system. IACR, Lyon
Ludmir EB et al (2015) Human papillomavirus tumor infection in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. J Gastrointest Oncol 6(3):287–295
Mills SE et al (2010). Sternberg’s diagnostic surgical pathology, 5th edn, vol 2, 31. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, pp 1249–1278
Montesano R et al (1996) Genetic alterations in esophageal cancer and their relevance to etiology and pathogenesis: a review. Int J Cancer 69(3):225–235
Montgomery et al (2010). Squamous cell carcinoma of the oesophagus. In: Bosman FT, Carneiro F, Hruban RH (eds) WHO classification of tumors of the digestive system. Theise ND. World Health Organization, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, pp 18–24
Morales CP et al (2002) Hallmarks of cancer progression in Barrett’s oesophagus. Lancet 360:1587–1589
Morisaki Y et al (1996) Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the esophagus: report of a case and review of the Japanese literature. Surg Today 26:1006–1009
Naumann M, Crabtree J (2004) Helicobacter pylori-induced epithelial cell signalling in gastric carcinogenesis. Trends Microbiol 12(1):29–36
Ohshima H, Bartsch H (1994) Chronic infections and inflammatory processes as cancer risk factors: possible role of nitric oxide in carcinogenesis. Mutat Res 305:253–264
Paris workshop (2002) The Paris endoscopic classification of superficial neoplastic lesions: esophagus, stomach, and colon. Gastrointest Endosc 58(6): S3–S43
Pennathur A et al (2013) Lancet 381(9864):400–412
Pohl H et al (2010). Esophageal adenocarcinoma incidence: are we reaching the peak? Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 19:1468
Qiu SL et al (1988) Precursor lesions of esophageal cancer in high-risk populations in Henan Province. China Cancer 62(3):551–557
Raza MA et al (2011) Sarcomatoid carcinoma of esophagus. Arch Pathol Lab Med 135(7):945–948
Rice TW et al (2001) Superficial adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 122:1077–1090
Ruschoff J, Hanna W, Bilous M et al (2012) HER2 testing in gastric cancer: a practical approach. Mod Pathol 25:637–650
Saito T et al (2015) Molecular pathology and potential therapeutic targets in esophageal basaloid squamous cell carcinoma. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 8(3):2267–2273
Sarbia M et al (1995) Incidence and prognostic significance of vascular and neural invasion in squamous cell carcinomas of the esophagus. Int J Cancer 4, 61(3):333–6
Serrano J et al (2000) Alterations in the p16INK4a/CDKN2A tumor suppressor gene in gastrinomas. J Clin Endocr Metab 85:4146–4156
Shimada H et al (2003) Treatment response and prognosis of patients after recurrence of esophageal cancer. Surgery 133(1):24–31
Siewert JR et al (2007) Adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction: competition between Barrett and gastric cancer. J Am Coll Surg 205(4 Suppl):S49–S53
Sobin LH et al (2011) TNM classification of malignant tumours, 7th edn. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford, UK
Taniere P et al (2002) Cytokeratin expression in adenocarcinomas of the esophagogastric junction: a comparative study of adenocarcinomas of the distal esophagus and of the proximal stomach. Am J Surg Pathol 26:1213–1221
Torres CM et al (1999) Pathologic prognostic factors in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: a follow-up study of 74 patients with or without preoperative chemoradiation therapy. Mod Pathol 12(10):961–968
Wang GQ et al (2005) Histological precursors of oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma: results from a 13 year prospective follow up study in a high risk population. Gut 54(2):187–192
Washington K (2010) 7th edition of the AJCC cancer staging manual: stomach. Ann Surg Oncol 17:3077–3079
Webber C, Gospodarowicz M, Sobin LH, Wittekind C, Greene FL, Mason MD, Compton C, Brierley J, Groome PA (2014) Improving the TNM classification: findings from a 10-year continuous literature review. Int J Cancer 135(2):371–378
Wild CP et al (2003) Reflux, Barrett’s oesophagus and adenocarcinoma: burning questions. Nat Rev Cancer 3:676–684
Wu TT et al (2007) Excellent interobserver agreement on grading the extent of residual carcinoma after preoperative chemoradiation in esophageal and esophagogastric junction carcinoma: a reliable predictor for patient outcome. Am J Surg Pathol 31(1):58–64
Xing EP et al (1993). Aberrant methylation of p16INK4a and deletion of p15INK4b are frequent events in human esophageal cancer in Linxian, China. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1, 90(19):9026–9030 (Carcinogenesis. 20(1):77–84, 1999 Jan)
Yasui W, Sentani K, Motoshita J, Nakayama H (2006) molecular pathology of gastric cancer. Scand J Surg 95:225–231
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Matkovic, E., Schwalbe, M., Matkowskyj, K.A. (2016). Pathologic Features of Esophageal and Gastric Malignancies. In: Bentrem, D., Benson, A. (eds) Gastrointestinal Malignancies. Cancer Treatment and Research. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-34244-3_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-34244-3_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-34242-9
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-34244-3
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)