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Modified Nucleic Acids in Biology and Medicine pp 429–453Cite as

Polymerase Reactions that Involve Modified Nucleotides

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Part of the book series: RNA Technologies ((RNATECHN))

Abstract

Polymerases are known to catalyze the synthesis of long DNA/RNA chains and play important roles in replication and translation in biological systems. Because their enzymatic activities are versatile, they have been widely employed for medical diagnoses and criminal investigations and also as research tools in biological studies. To date, various polymerases have been genetically engineered and are commercially available for selected applications that involve various chemically modified nucleoside triphosphate analogs. For example, dye-terminator sequencing, which made a great contribution to sequence determination in the human genome project, uses four kinds of 2′,3′-dideoxynucleoside-5′-triphosphate analogs that contain a fluorophore attached to the base moiety. Concomitantly, polymerase variants that can efficiently accept those analogs as substrates were developed. Various triphosphate analogs modified at their base/sugar/phosphate moieties have been designed and synthesized for the development of nucleic acid aptamers as therapeutic drugs, diagnostic agents, and molecular indicators. Because nucleoside analogs include xenonucleic acids (XNAs), which have unique sugar backbones, drastic modifications in polymerase engineering are being boldly pursued. In this chapter, we are focusing on polymerase reactions that involve chemically modified substrates and their applications to innovative life sciences and technologies.

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Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to Dr. Hiroaki Sawai, Professor Emeritus of Gunma University, for his contribution to developing the research field and for the financial support by a Grant for Adaptable and Seamless Technology Transfer Program through Target-driven R & D, No. AS2525029M from Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, 1-5-1 Tenjin-cho, Kiryu, Gunma, 376-8515, Japan

    Masayasu Kuwahara, Kenta Hagiwara & Hiroaki Ozaki

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  1. Masayasu Kuwahara
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  2. Kenta Hagiwara
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  3. Hiroaki Ozaki
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Correspondence to Masayasu Kuwahara .

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  1. Nanobiomedical Center, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland

    Stefan Jurga

  2. Formerly at Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany

    Volker A. Erdmann (Deceased)

  3. Institute of the Bioorganic Chemistry of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland

    Jan Barciszewski

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Kuwahara, M., Hagiwara, K., Ozaki, H. (2016). Polymerase Reactions that Involve Modified Nucleotides. In: Jurga, S., Erdmann (Deceased), V., Barciszewski, J. (eds) Modified Nucleic Acids in Biology and Medicine. RNA Technologies. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-34175-0_18

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