Abstract
Bedside transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is a valuable, noninvasive, point-of-care diagnostic tool that can be used for cardiac evaluation of symptomatic or hemodynamically unstable patients. Use of TTE in the perioperative setting, emergency medicine or critical care patient population can provide new objective data and guide clinical management. The increasing availability of TTE and minimal training required to become competent makes the bedside TTE examination complementary to TEE.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- TTE:
-
Transthoracic echocardiography
- TEE:
-
Transesophageal echocardiography
- LV:
-
Left ventricle
- FOCUS:
-
Focused cardiac ultrasound
- ASE:
-
American Society of Echocardiography
- ACEP:
-
American College of Emergency Physicians
- PEA:
-
Pulseless electrical activity
- LAX:
-
Long axis
- LA:
-
Left atrium
- LVOT:
-
Left ventricular outflow tract
- RV:
-
Right ventricle
- SAX:
-
Short axis
- IVC:
-
Inferior vena cava
References
Melamed R, Sprenkle MD, Ulstad VK, Herzog CA, Leatherman JW. Assessment of left ventricular function by intensivists using hand-held echocardiography. Chest. 2009;135(6):1416–20.
Labovitz AJ, Noble VE, Bierig M, Goldstein SA, Jones R, Kort S, et al. Focused cardiac ultrasound in the emergent setting: a consensus statement of the American Society of Echocardiography and American College of Emergency Physicians. J Am Soc Echocardiogr Off Publ Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2010;23(12):1225–30.
Oren-Grinberg A, Gulati G, Fuchs L, Pinto DS. Hand-held echocardiography in the management of cardiac arrest. Anesth Analg. 2012;115(5):1038–41.
Breitkreutz R, Price S, Steiger HV, Seeger FH, Ilper H, Ackermann H, et al. Focused echocardiographic evaluation in life support and peri-resuscitation of emergency patients: a prospective trial. Resuscitation. 2010;81(11):1527–33.
Boyd JH, Forbes J, Nakada T, Walley KR, Russell JA. Fluid resuscitation in septic shock: a positive fluid balance and elevated central venous pressure are associated with increased mortality. Crit Care Med. 2011;39(2):259–65.
Muller L, Bobbia X, Toumi M, Louart G, Molinari N, Ragonnet B, et al. Respiratory variations of inferior vena cava diameter to predict fluid responsiveness in spontaneously breathing patients with acute circulatory failure: need for a cautious use. Crit Care Lond Engl. 2012;16(5):R188.
McConnell MV, Solomon SD, Rayan ME, Come PC, Goldhaber SZ, Lee RT. Regional right ventricular dysfunction detected by echocardiography in acute pulmonary embolism. Am J Cardiol. 1996;78(4):469–73.
Price S. Hemodynamic monitoring using echocardiography in the critically ill—Chapter 2 Transthoracic echocardiography: normal two-dimensional and doppler imaging. 2011. p. 13–29.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Parasternal LAX view (AVI 58,276 kb)
Parasternal SAX view of the AV (AVI 440,322 KB)
Parasternal SAX basal view of the mitral valve (AVI 22,444 KB)
Parasternal SAX mid-papillary view of the LV (AVI 41,569 KB)
Apical four-chamber view (AVI 38,502 KB)
Lack of respiratory variation in the IVC suggests that the patient is not fluid responsive (AVI 154,693 KB)
Parasternal SAX view showing an obliterated LV cavity during systole, suggestive of hypovolemia (AVI 113,911 KB)
Parasternal SAX view of a hemodynamically significant pericardial effusion (AVI 5,711 KB)
Apical four-chamber view demonstrating the McConnell’s sign, an echocardiographic finding in which the apical RV is spared. This patient had an acute pulmonary embolus (AVI 34,376 KB)
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Nhieu, S. (2016). Transthoracic Echocardiography: The Basic Views. In: Maus, T., Nhieu, S., Herway, S. (eds) Essential Echocardiography. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-34124-8_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-34124-8_14
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-34122-4
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-34124-8
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)