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Introduction

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Book cover Divorce in Transnational Families

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Abstract

The introduction illustrates how spouses from transnational marriages may get into contact with two legal systems during the divorce process, in which the status of their marriage and divorce may differ. Spouses in transnational marriages can get married in one legal system and divorced under another, divorce in both countries, exploit differences between the legal systems or arrange everything locally in their country of residence. The chapter contains statistics on marriage and divorce in all three countries: a brief overview of relevant literature, a methodology section and a discussion of the theoretical approach.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Although I do not approve of the vague and problematic term ‘non-western’, the categories ‘western’ and ‘non-western’ immigrants are used by the Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek (CBS), the Dutch statistics bureau, which provided the data Van Huis and Steenhof used for their analysis. Non-Western countries include Africa, Asia, except Japan and Indonesia, South America and Turkey. Western countries include all countries in Europe, except Turkey, North America, Indonesia, Japan, and Oceania (van Huis and Steenhof 2003: p. 2).

  2. 2.

    The divorce risk of a Dutch man married to a Moroccan woman could not be calculated because of the small numbers involved (van Huis and Steenhof 2003).

  3. 3.

    Compared to the highest level of divorce between non-mixed marriages in the two groups both partners come from (Kalmijn et al. 2005: p. 82).

  4. 4.

    Another classification was made by Ewick and Silbey. They introduced three types of legality: ‘before the law’, ‘with the law’, and ‘up against the law’ (Ewick and Silbey 1998).

  5. 5.

    For quoting Moroccan family law, I mainly used the (unofficial) English translation of the Moudawana by HREA, in addition to the official Arabic version and its French translation, and the Dutch translation (Berger 2004). The main source for the interaction of Dutch and Moroccan family law was the work of Jordens-Cotran (Jordens-Cotran 2007). Both Berger and Jordens-Cotran are also used in Dutch courts. For quoting Egyptian family law, I used an English translation made by el-Alami of law no. 100 of 1985 (El-Alami 1994) in addition to the original Arabic texts. For Dutch law, judgements, and parliamentary discussions no translations were available, so I used the original texts and translated them into English myself.

  6. 6.

    It must be noted that I did my interviews just before the revolution in early 2011. As has been described by Lindbekk and Sonneveld (2015), child custody and visitation laws have since become a matter of much public debate.

  7. 7.

    Bureaus Inburgering or integration bureaus handle the obligatory courses in Dutch language and culture for new migrants.

  8. 8.

    About half of these interviews were held together with my colleague Friso Kulk.

  9. 9.

    The court could only provide me with information about transnational divorce cases a few days beforehand, which never left me enough time to get the required permission of both parties and their lawyers.

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Sportel, I. (2016). Introduction. In: Divorce in Transnational Families. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-34009-8_1

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