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Historical Aspects of Transcranial Electric Stimulation

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Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Neuropsychiatric Disorders

Abstract

The first clinical experience with electric fish, and a long history of application of electrotherapeutic techniques, started from the eighteenth century leading to the modern use of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). This history had various degrees of success and the treatment of mental disorders using electricity followed a cyclical course throughout the centuries. In the beginning, clinicians approached transcranial electric stimulation with enthusiasm, treating numerous disorders such as neurasthenia, melancholia, mania, and hysteria, but also hallucinations, migraine, and dementia. This phase saw a lot of excesses and exaggerations, typical of early stages of the application of a new therapeutic technique. Later, at the end of the nineteenth century transcranial electric stimulation was considerably less used, After failing to produce consistent results. In the twentieth century, experimental data clearly demonstrated that using motor evoked potentials tDCS resulted in changes in motor-cortical excitability supporting a series of new experimental clinical evidence. Today, tDCS is recognized as being an effective technique in applying a direct current to the scalp, further demonstrating its ability to treat clinical conditions such as affective disorders, chronic pain and post-lesional cognitive disorders.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dipartimento di Neuroscienze e di Salute Mentale, U.O.C. di Neurologia, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Francesco Sforza 35, Milan, 20122, Italy

    Stefano Zago

  2. Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Scienze della Salute, III Clinica Neurologica, Polo Ospedaliero San Paolo, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy

    Alberto Priori

  3. Centro Clinico per la Neurostimolazione, le Neurotecnologie e i Disordini del Movimento, U.O.C. di Neurofisiopatologia, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via F. Sforza 35, Milan, 20122, Italy

    Roberta Ferrucci

  4. Unità Operativa Neurologia, A.S.S.T. Franciacorta, Chiari, Brescia, Italy

    Lorenzo Lorusso

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  1. Stefano Zago
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  4. Lorenzo Lorusso
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Correspondence to Stefano Zago .

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  1. Interdisciplinary Center for Applied Neuromodulation Department and Institute of Psychiatry Laboratory of Neurosciences (LIM-27), University Hospital and Service of Interdisciplinary Neuromodulation University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    André Brunoni

  2. Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Center for Working Environments and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany

    Michael Nitsche

  3. School of Psychiatry Black Dog Institute & St George Hospital, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

    Colleen Loo

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Zago, S., Priori, A., Ferrucci, R., Lorusso, L. (2016). Historical Aspects of Transcranial Electric Stimulation. In: Brunoni, A., Nitsche, M., Loo, C. (eds) Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation in Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33967-2_1

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