Abstract
Bio-based/bio-inspired systems are attracting the interest of many studies even if we are far from reproducing the simplest living cell property. The concept of memory is particularly well suited for mimicking learning behavior in biosystems and in information processing systems being capable of coupling inherently memory and logic capabilities. Bio-electronics is another challenging platform, mostly if we consider organic devices based on conductive and biocompatible polymers. This chapter deals with several examples of devices developed by joining unconventional computing, organic memristors and living being. Starting from organic memristors we realized logic gates with memory and a single layer perceptron. We developed hybrid systems based on living beings as key elements for the proper device working, in particular with Phyarum polycephalum and neurons. These devices enable new and unexplored opportunities in such emerging field of research.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Chua, L.O.: Memristor-the missing circuit element. IEEE Trans. Circuit Theory 18(5), 507–519 (1971)
Hebb, D.O.: The Organization of Behavior: A Neuropsychological Theory. Psychology Press, Abingdon (2005)
Strukov, D.B., Snider, G.S., Stewart, D.R., Williams, R.S.: The missing memristor found. Nature 453(7191), 80–83 (2008)
Pershin, Y.V., Di Ventra, M.: Memory effects in complex materials and nanoscale systems. Adv. Phys. 60(2), 145–227 (2011)
Sascha Vongehr, X.M.: The missing memristor has not been found. Sci. Rep. vol. 5(11657) (2015)
Erokhin, V., Berzina, T., Fontana, M.P.: Hybrid electronic device based on polyaniline-polyethyleneoxide junction. J. Appl. Phys. 97(6), 064501 (2005)
Erokhin, V., Berzina, T., Fontana, M.: Polymeric elements for adaptive networks. Crystallogr. Rep. 52(1), 159–166 (2007)
Smerieri, A., Berzina, T., Erokhin, V., Fontana, M.: A functional polymeric material based on hybrid electrochemically controlled junctions. Mater. Sci. Eng.: C 28(1), 18–22 (2008)
Erokhin, V., Berzina, T., Camorani, P., Fontana, M.P.: Conducting polymer - solid electrolyte fibrillar composite material for adaptive networks. Soft Matter 2(10), 870–874 (2006)
Erokhin, V., Berzina, T., Gorshkov, K., Camorani, P., Pucci, A., Ricci, L., Ruggeri, G., Sigala, R., Schüz, A.: Stochastic hybrid 3d matrix: learning and adaptation of electrical properties. J. Mater. Chem. 22(43), 22881–22887 (2012)
Smerieri, A., Berzina, T., Erokhin, V., Fontana, M.: Polymeric electrochemical element for adaptive networks: pulse mode. J. Appl. Phys. 104(11), 114513 (2008)
Erokhin, V., Berzina, T., Camorani, P., Smerieri, A., Vavoulis, D., Feng, J., Fontana, M.P.: Material memristive device circuits with synaptic plasticity: learning and memory. BioNanoScience 1(1–2), 24–30 (2011)
Kang, E.T., Neoh, K.G., Tan, K.L.: Polyaniline: a polymer with many interesting intrinsic redox states. Prog. Polym. Sci. 23, 277–324 (1998)
Erokhin, V., Fontana, M.: Thin film electrochemical memristive systems for bio-inspired computation. J. Comput. Theor. Nanosci. 8(3), 313–330 (2011)
Berzina, T., Smerieri, A., Bernabò, M., Pucci, A., Ruggeri, G., Erokhin, V., Fontana, M.: Optimization of an organic memristor as an adaptive memory element. J. Appl. Phys. 105(12), 124515 (2009)
Berzina, T., Smerieri, A., Ruggeri, G., Erokhin, V., Fontana, M., et al.: Role of the solid electrolyte composition on the performance of a polymeric memristor. Mater. Sci. Eng.: C 30(3), 407–411 (2010)
Erokhin, V., Berzina, T., Camorani, P., Fontana, M.P.: On the stability of polymeric electrochemical elements for adaptive networks. Coll. Surf.: Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 321(1), 218–221 (2008)
Berzina, T., Erokhin, V., Fontana, M.: Spectroscopic investigation of an electrochemically controlled conducting polymer-solid electrolyte junction. J. Appl. Phys. 101(2), 024501 (2007)
Berzina, T., Erokhina, S., Camorani, P., Konovalov, O., Erokhin, V., Fontana, M.: Electrochemical control of the conductivity in an organic memristor: a time-resolved x-ray fluorescence study of ionic drift as a function of the applied voltage. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 1(10), 2115–2118 (2009)
Erokhin, V., Schüz, A., Fontana, M.P.: Organic memristor and bio-inspired information processing. Int. J. Unconv. Comput. 6(1), 15–32 (2010)
Hebb, D.O.: The Organization of Behavior. Wiley, New York (1949)
Jo, S.H., Chang, T., Ebong, I., Bhadviya, B.B., Mazumder, P., Lu, W.: Nanoscale memristor device as synapse in neuromorphic systems. Nano Lett. 10(4), 1297–1301 (2010)
Adhikari, S., Yang, C., Kim, H., Chua, L.: Memristor bridge synapse-based neural network and its learning. IEEE Trans. Neural Netw. Learn. Syst. 23(9), 1426–1435 (2012)
Indiveri, G., Linares-Barranco, B., Legenstein, R., Deligeorgis, G., Prodromakis, T.: Integration of nanoscale memristor synapses in neuromorphic computing architectures. Nanotechnology 24(38), 384010 (2013)
Seok Jeong, D., Kim, I., Ziegler, M., Kohlstedt, H.: Towards artificial neurons and synapses: a materials point of view. RSC Adv. 3, 3169–3183 (2013)
Krzysteczko, P., Mönchenberger, J., Schöfers, M., Reiss, G., Thomas, A.: The memristive magnetic tunnel junction as a nanoscopic synapse-neuron system. Adv. Mater. 24(6), 762–766 (2012)
Baldi, G., Battistoni, S., Attolini, G., Bosi, M., Collini, C., Iannotta, S., Lorenzelli, L., Mosca, R., Ponraj, J., Verucchi, R., et al.: Logic with memory: and gates made of organic and inorganic memristive devices. Semicond. Sci. Technol. 29(10), 104009–104014 (2014)
Rosenblatt, F.: The perceptron: a probabilistic model for information storage and organization in the brain. Psychol. Rev. 65(6), 386 (1958)
Demin, V., Erokhin, V., Emelyanov, A., Battistoni, S., Baldi, G., Iannotta, S., Kashkarov, P., Kovalchuk, M.: Hardware elementary perceptron based on polyaniline memristive devices. Org. Electron. 25, 16–20 (2015)
Horiguchi, H., Imagawa, K., Hoshino, T., Akiyama, Y., Morishima, K.: Fabrication and evaluation of reconstructed cardiac tissue and its application to bio-actuated microdevices. IEEE Trans. NanoBiosci. 8, 349–355 (2009)
Akiyama, Y., Iwabuchi, K., Furukawa, Y., Morishima, K.: Long-term and room temperature operable bioactuator powered by insect dorsal vessel tissue. Lab Chip 9, 140–144 (2009)
Povlich, L., Kim, D.H., Richardson-Burns, S.: In: Reichert, W.M. (ed.) Indwelling Neural Implants: Strategies for Contending with the In Vivo Environment. Soft, fuzzy, and bioactive conducting polymers for improving the chronic performance of neural prosthetic devices. CRC Press, Boca Raton (2008)
Bonetti, S., Pistone, A., Brucale, M., Karges, S., Favaretto, L., Zambianchi, M., Posati, T., Sagnella, A., Caprini, M., Toffanin, S., Zamboni, R., Camaioni, N., Muccini, M., Melucci, M., Benfenati, V.: A lysinated thiophene-based semiconductor as a multifunctional neural bioorganic interface. Adv. Healthc. Mater. 4(8), 1190–1202 (2015)
Benfenati, V., Toffanin, S., Bonetti, S., Turatti, G., Pistone, A., Chiappalone, M., Sagnella, A., Stefani, A., Generali, G., Ruani, G., et al.: A transparent organic transistor structure for bidirectional stimulation and recording of primary neurons. Nat. Mater. 12(7), 672–680 (2013)
Buchko, C.J., Slattery, M.J., Kozloff, K.M., Martin, D.C.: Mechanical properties of biocompatible protein polymer thin films. J. Mater. Res. 15, 231–242 (2000)
Tarabella, G., D’Angelo, P., Cifarelli, A., Dimonte, A., Romeo, A., Berzina, T., Erokhin, V., Iannotta, S.: A hybrid living/organic electrochemical transistor based on the Physarum polycephalum cell endowed with both sensing and memristive properties. Chem. Sci. 6, 2859–2868 (2015)
Bidez, P.R., Li, S., MacDiarmid, A.G., Venancio, E.C., Wei, Y., Lelkes, P.I.: Polyaniline, an electroactive polymer, supports adhesion and proliferation of cardiac myoblasts. J. Biomater. Sci. Polym. Edit. 17(1–2), 199–212 (2006)
Ghasemi-Mobarakeh, L., Prabhakaran, M.P., Morshed, M., Nasr-Esfahani, M.H., Ramakrishna, S.: Electrical stimulation of nerve cells using conductive nanofibrous scaffolds for nerve tissue engineering. Tissue Eng. Part A 15(11), 3605–3619 (2009)
Troitsky, V., Berzina, T., Fontana, M.: Langmuir–Blodgett assemblies with patterned conductive polyaniline layers. Mater. Sci. Eng.: C 22(2), 239–244 (2002)
Juarez-Hernandez, L.J., Cornella, N., Pasquardini, L., Battistoni, S., Vidalino, L., Vanzetti, L., Caponi, S., Serra, M.D., Lannotta, S., Pederzolli, C., Macchi, P., Musio, C.: Bio-hybrid interfaces to study neuromorphic functionalities: new multidisciplinary evidences of cell viability on poly(anyline) (pani), a semiconductor polymer with memristive properties, Biophys. Chem. (2015)
DeFranco, J.A., Schmidt, B.S., Lipson, M., Malliaras, G.G.: Photolithographic patterning of organic electronic materials. Org. Electron. 7(1), 22–28 (2006)
Ouyang, J., Xu, Q., Chu, C.-W., Yang, Y., Li, G., Shinar, J.: On the mechanism of conductivity enhancement in poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) film through solvent treatment. Polymer 45(25), 8443–8450 (2004)
Stephenson, S.L., Stempen, H., Hall, I.: Myxomycetes: A Handbook of Slime Molds. Timber Press Portland, Oregon (1994)
Adamatzky, A.: Physarum Machines: Computers from Slime Mould, vol. 74. World Scientific, Singapore (2010)
Adamatzky, A., Jones, J.: Towards physarum robots: computing and manipulating on water surface. J. Bionic Eng. 5(4), 348–357 (2008)
Adamatzky, A., Erokhin, V., Grube, M., Schubert, T., Schumann, A.: Physarum chip project: growing computers from slime mould. IJUC 8(4), 319–323 (2012)
Tero, A., Takagi, S., Saigusa, T., Ito, K., Bebber, D.P., Fricker, M.D., Yumiki, K., Kobayashi, R., Nakagaki, T.: Rules for biologically inspired adaptive network design. Science 327(5964), 439–442 (2010)
Adamatzky, A.: Bioevaluation of World Transport Networks. World Scientific, Singapore (2012)
Adamatzky, A., MartÃnez, G.J., Chapa-Vergara, S.V., Asomoza-Palacio, R., Stephens, C.R.: Approximating mexican highways with slime mould. Nat. Comput. 10(3), 1195–1214 (2011)
Matsumoto, K., Ueda, T., Kobatake, Y.: Reversal of thermotaxis with oscillatory stimulation in the plasmodium of physarum polycephalum. J. Theor. Biol. 131(2), 175–182 (1988)
Nakagaki, T., Yamada, H., Ueda, T.: Modulation of cellular rhythm and photoavoidance by oscillatory irradiation in the physarum plasmodium. Biophys. Chem. 82(1), 23–28 (1999)
Yamada, H., Nakagaki, T., Baker, R.E., Maini, P.K.: Dispersion relation in oscillatory reaction-diffusion systems with self-consistent flow in true slime mold. J. Math. Biol. 54(6), 745–760 (2007)
Adamatzky, A.: Physarum machines: encapsulating reaction-diffusion to compute spanning tree. Naturwissenschaften 94(12), 975–980 (2007)
Costello, B.D.L., Adamatzky, A.: Experimental implementation of collision-based gates in Belousov–Zhabotinsky medium. Chaos, Solitons Fractals 25(3), 535–544 (2005)
Adamatzky, A., Teuscher, C.: From Utopian to Genuine Unconventional Computers. Luniver Press, Europe (2006)
Pershin, Y.V., La Fontaine, S., Di Ventra, M.: Memristive model of amoeba learning. Phys. Rev. E 80(2), 021926 (2009)
Lin, P., Yan, F., Yu, J., Chan, H.L., Yang, M.: The application of organic electrochemical transistors in cell-based biosensors. Adv. Mater. 22(33), 3655–3660 (2010)
Khodagholy, D., Curto, V.F., Fraser, K.J., Gurfinkel, M., Byrne, R., Diamond, D., Malliaras, G.G., Benito-Lopez, F., Owens, R.M.: Organic electrochemical transistor incorporating an ionogel as a solid state electrolyte for lactate sensing. J. Mater. Chem. 22(10), 4440–4443 (2012)
Malliaras, G.G.: Organic bioelectronics: a new era for organic electronics. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subject 1830(9), 4286–4287 (2013). Organic Bioelectronics - Novel Applications in Biomedicine
Svennersten, K., Larsson, K.C., Berggren, M., Richter-Dahlfors, A.: Organic bioelectronics in nanomedicine. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects 1810(3), 276–285 (2011). Nanotechnologies - Emerging Applications in Biomedicine
Tarabella, G., Mahvash, F.M., Coppede, N., Barbero, F., Lannotta, S., Santato, C., Cicoira, F.: New opportunities for organic electronics and bioelectronics: ions in action. Chem. Sci. 4, 1395–1409 (2013)
Nilsson, D., Chen, M., Kugler, T., Remonen, T., Armgarth, M., Berggren, M.: Bi-stable and dynamic current modulation in electrochemical organic transistors. Adv. Mater. 14(1), 51–54 (2002)
Cicoira, F., Sessolo, M., Yaghmazadeh, O., DeFranco, J.A., Yang, S.Y., Malliaras, G.G.: Influence of device geometry on sensor characteristics of planar organic electrochemical transistors. Adv. Mater. 22(9), 1012–1016 (2010)
Kamiya, N., Kuroda, K.: Studies on the velocity distribution of the protoplasmic streaming in the myxomycete plasmodium. Protoplasma 49(1), 1–4 (1958)
Larsson, O., Laiho, A., Schmickler, W., Berggren, M., Crispin, X.: Controlling the dimensionality of charge transport in an organic electrochemical transistor by capacitive coupling. Adv. Mater. 23(41), 4764–4769 (2011)
Tarabella, G., Pezzella, A., Romeo, A., D’Angelo, P., Coppede, N., Calicchio, M., d’Ischia, M., Mosca, R., Iannotta, S.: Irreversible evolution of eumelanin redox states detected by an organic electrochemical transistor: en route to bioelectronics and biosensing. J. Mater. Chem. B 1, 3843–3849 (2013)
Romeo, A., Dimonte, A., Tarabella, G., D’Angelo, P., Erokhin, V., Lannotta, S.: A bio-inspired memory device based on interfacing physarum polycephalum with an organic semiconductor, APL Mater. 3(1) (2015)
Erokhin, V., Berzina, T., Smerieri, A., Camorani, P., Erokhina, S., Fontana, M.: Bio-inspired adaptive networks based on organic memristors. Nano Commun. Netw. 1(2), 108–117 (2010)
Möller, S., Perlov, C., Jackson, W., Taussig, C., Forrest, S.R.: A polymer/semiconductor write-once read-many-times memory. Nature 426(6963), 166–169 (2003)
Tang, H., Zhu, L., Harima, Y., Yamashita, K.: Chronocoulometric determination of doping levels of polythiophenes: influences of overoxidation and capacitive processes. Synth. Metals 110(2), 105–113 (2000)
Kim, J.-S., Ho, P., Murphy, C., Baynes, N., Friend, R.: Nature of non-emissive black spots in polymer light-emitting diodes by in-situ micro-Raman spectroscopy. Adv. Mater. 14(3), 206–209 (2002)
Tehrani, P., Kanciurzewska, A., Crispin, X., Robinson, N.D., Fahlman, M., Berggren, M.: The effect of ph on the electrochemical over-oxidation in pedot:pss films. Solid State Ion. 177(39–40), 3521–3527 (2007)
Isaksson, J., Kjäll, P., Nilsson, D., Robinson, N., Berggren, M., Richter-Dahlfors, A.: Electronic control of Ca2+ signalling in neuronal cells using an organic electronic ion pump. Nat. Mater. 6(9), 673–679 (2007)
Ridgway, E., Durham, A.: Oscillations of calcium ion concentrations in physarum polycephalum. J. Cell Biol. 69(1), 223–226 (1976)
Heremans, P., Gelinck, G.H., Muller, R., Baeg, K.-J., Kim, D.-Y., Noh, Y.-Y.: Polymer and organic nonvolatile memory devices. Chem. Mater. 23(3), 341–358 (2010)
Bernards, D.A., Malliaras, G.G.: Steady-state and transient behavior of organic electrochemical transistors. Adv. Funct. Mater. 17(17), 3538–3544 (2007)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2017 Springer International Publishing Switzerland
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Battistoni, S., Dimonte, A., Erokhin, V. (2017). Organic Memristor Based Elements for Bio-inspired Computing. In: Adamatzky, A. (eds) Advances in Unconventional Computing. Emergence, Complexity and Computation, vol 23. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33921-4_18
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33921-4_18
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Cham
Print ISBN: 978-3-319-33920-7
Online ISBN: 978-3-319-33921-4
eBook Packages: EngineeringEngineering (R0)