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Other Mycobacterioses

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Abstract

Mycobacterioses are infections caused by bacteria of the genus Mycobacterium. The nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are environmental, Gram-positive, acid-fast bacilli that cause various manifestations in different groups of patients and can lead to a broad range of clinical disorders, from cutaneous infections, such as cervical or intrathoracic lymphadenitis in children, to disseminated infections at all ages. NTM infection has been an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Early diagnosis and initiation of treatment with multiple antibiotics for several months and potential use of adjunctive surgery are necessary to achieve the best outcome. In patients with AIDS who are not on antiretroviral therapy, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAC) disease typically is a disseminated, multi-organ infection.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil

    Josemir Belo dos Santos, Márcia Helena de Oliveira, Perla Gomes da Silva & Vanessa Lucília Silveira de Medeiros

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  2. Márcia Helena de Oliveira
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  1. Dermatology Service of Clinical, Hospital of Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil

    Renan Rangel Bonamigo

  2. Health Secretary of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

    Sergio Ivan Torres Dornelles

Glossary

Glossary

Buruli ulcer (BU) :

Is a disease affecting the skin, tissues, and in some cases the bones, caused by the environmental pathogen Mycobacterium ulcerans. Its mode of transmission is still elusive and controversial. Infection with this agent leads to extensive destruction of the tissues with the formation of large ulcers particularly on exposed parts of the body, such as the limbs, head, and neck.

Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS) :

Is an inflammatory reaction resulting from restored immunity to specific infectious or non-infectious antigens. It is a frequent complication of MAC disease, most commonly presenting with fever and lymphadenitis after the CD4 count increases in response to antiretroviral therapy (ART), in persons with AIDS. Localized manifestations of MAC disease have been reported most often in patients who are receiving and have responded to ART.

Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex (MAC) :

Includes both M. avium and M. intracellulare, and represent the most frequent bacterial opportunistic infection in persons with HIV/AIDS.

Marjolin’s ulcer :

Consists of the malignant transformation of a chronic ulcerative lesion. Over many years, these scars may develop into squamous cell carcinoma.

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dos Santos, J.B., de Oliveira, M.H., da Silva, P.G., de Medeiros, V.L.S. (2018). Other Mycobacterioses. In: Bonamigo, R., Dornelles, S. (eds) Dermatology in Public Health Environments. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33919-1_7

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