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Chapter 6 The 1990s: Black Monday

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Impactful Times

Part of the book series: Shock Wave and High Pressure Phenomena ((SHOCKWAVE))

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Abstract

The 1990s were turbulent times for shock wave research at Sandia because of the near elimination of experimental shock wave research, including experimental facilities. Three management decisions led to this challenging event. The first decision was implementation of a laboratory-wide restructuring of management in the early 1990s. As a consequence, all Sandia departments, including the second-level (i.e., the original department management level) ones that involved shock wave research managed by George Samara and Jim Asay, were dissolved. The first-level divisions (now renamed departments) that had been supervised by Samara and Asay became individual departments under the direct supervision of two different directors. In addition, Walt Herrmann stepped down as the Director of Engineering Sciences; that was the directorate in which Asay’s shock wave department had resided. The directorate was then eliminated, and the shock wave divisions that Asay had managed were transferred to Ed Barsis, who was the Director of the Computing Research Center. This resulted in a two-level management structure, with each director supervising the direct-reporting managers, as opposed to the previous situation in which three or four second-level managers reported to each director.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    In the Sandia management structure prior to the early 1990s, the first-level managers were referred to as supervisors and the second level as managers. After Sandia reinstated the original management structure in the mid 2000s, the designation of first-level managers (“supervisors”) was changed to managers and that of second-level managers (“managers”) was changed to senior managers.

  2. 2.

    In Hayes’ new Center, a manager position, referred to as “crosscut manager,” was established to review research activities for optimal short- and long-term benefit to the weapons programs.

  3. 3.

    MBBAY is an acronym for Modified BBAY, which in turn is an acronym for the model developed by (Hans) Bethe, (William) Bade, (John) Averell, and (Jerrold) Yos. The model was modified by Sandia.

  4. 4.

    Most of the material in this section was taken from the personal recollections of Mike Furnish, which provide an illuminating insight into Sandia’s involvement in the NNSS subcritical experiments.

  5. 5.

    A “subcritical experiment” refers to an experiment containing nuclear material that will not produce any nuclear yield during the experiment. A subcritical experiment is sometimes referred to as a subcrit experiment.

  6. 6.

    “U1a” means Underground Site A in NTS Area I.

  7. 7.

    A comprehensive new program for an advanced radiography capability at U1a in SCEs is presently being considered by the NNSA, NNSS, and the three laboratories.

  8. 8.

    Bob Schmitt, CTH development team, Sandia National Laboratories, September 2013.

  9. 9.

    These words, according to the book Shoemaker by David H. Levy: The Man Who Made an Impact (Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2000), are those of James Scotti, who was observing at the Spacewatch telescope at Kitt Peak the same night and was contacted by the Shoemakers and Levy to see if he could see the object. Scotti sent an email to Brian Marsden, the Director of the Minor Planet Center in Cambridge, MA, on March 26, 1993. A copy of Scotti’s email is in David Levy, Impact Jupiter: The Crash of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 (Basic Books, Cambridge, MA 1995), pp. 27–28.

  10. 10.

    Editors’ note: Tim Berners-Lee, a software engineer at CERN (the European Organization for Nuclear Research), invented the World Wide Web in 1989. However, it wasn’t until April 1993 that CERN announced the technology would be available to use by anyone on a royalty-free basis. In 1994, the World Wide Web Consortium was formed.

  11. 11.

    Carolyn S. Shoemaker and Eugene M. Shoemaker, “A Comet Like No Other,” in The Great Comet Crash: The Impact of Comet Shoemaker Levy 9 on Jupiter, edited by John Robert Spencer (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1995). The full quote is “I don’t know what this is, but it looks like a squashed comet.”

  12. 12.

    Heidi Hammel was a Principal Research Scientist at MIT and a member of the Science Observation Team for the Hubble Space Telescope Jupiter Campaign in charge of the Wide Field and Planetary Camera that was used to photograph the impact plume.

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    James R. Asay, Lalit C. Chhabildas, R. Jeffery Lawrence & Mary Ann Sweeney

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Asay, J.R., Chhabildas, L.C., Lawrence, R.J., Sweeney, M.A. (2017). Chapter 6 The 1990s: Black Monday. In: Impactful Times. Shock Wave and High Pressure Phenomena. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33347-2_6

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