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The Geoeconomic Dialogue (2006–2009)

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The Politics of Power

Abstract

This chapter aims to show how space influenced the Energy Dialogue, and its failure to define common narrative for a binding energy partnership. Energy is a commodity that is dependent on physical transportation across vast distances. Geopolitics, or in this case geoeconomics, was crucial to the EU–Russia Energy Dialogue. The ultimate objective of the Energy Dialogue was a ‘Unified’ (Lamoureux) or ‘Greater’ (Putin) Europe. Similarly, space was also central to Bakhtin’s concept of dialogue. For Bakhtin, space, like time, was at once part of the a priori basis of cognition, but also a highly contested concept. A recent example of this is the status of the Ukrainian peninsula of Crimea, which Moscow today claims is part of Russia, after annexing it in March 2014. This makes dialogue similar to what in recent years has become known as critical geopolitics, the basic concept of which is that we construct narratives about space, which in turn influence how we perceive politics, people and places. Europe looked very different from Moscow than from Brussels—or from Kiev, Tallinn or Warsaw, for that matter.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Ian Klinke, “Chronopolitics A Conceptual Matrix,” Progress in Human Geography (2013).

  2. 2.

    Agence France Presse, “Putin in Paris to Boost Russian Relations with EU.”

  3. 3.

    Viktor Khristenko, “Making Headway to Integration,” Russia in Global Affairs, no. 17 February (2004): 1.

  4. 4.

    Ibid., 2.

  5. 5.

    Ibid., 7.

  6. 6.

    Author’s interview with Nodari Simonia; Ivanov, “La Russie et l’Europe : des actes.”

  7. 7.

    Alexandar Todorov, “Energy Dialogue between Russia and the US,” Geopolitika, no. 12 July (2010).

  8. 8.

    Angela Stent, “The Limits of Partnership: U.S.-Russian Relations in the Twenty-First Century”. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, p. 81.

  9. 9.

    Author’s interview with Mikhail Soloviev, Ministry of Industry and Energy, Russia [Moscow, 06.03.12].

  10. 10.

    Chow Edward Chow, “US-Russia Energy Dialogue: Policy, Projects, or Photo Op,” Foreign Service Journal 80 (2003).

  11. 11.

    Author’s interview with EU Official A.

  12. 12.

    Chow, “US-Russia Energy Dialogue: Policy, Projects, or Photo Op,” 31.

  13. 13.

    Ibid.

  14. 14.

    Walter Von Mayr, “Oligarchen im Staatsdienst,” Der Spiegel, 27 December 2004.

  15. 15.

    Sergei Shmatko, “Minenergo maksimal’no zainteresovano v uglublenii i razvitii energeticheskogo dialoga mezhdu RF i KNR,” NeftRossii, 5 September 2011.

  16. 16.

    Igor Tomberg, “Public Component of Russia-China Energy Dialogue,” RIA Novosti, 10 June 2013.

  17. 17.

    Government of the Russian Federation, “Prime Minister Vladimir Putin’s Interview to the Chinese Media,” (Moscow: Government of the Russian Federation, 2009).

  18. 18.

    Bobo Lo, Axis of Convenience, Moscow, Beijing, and the New Geopolitics (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2008).

  19. 19.

    Yasmina Sahraoui, “Keun-Wook Paik: Moving East Or Moving West: What Happens Next In The Gas World?,” Natural Gas Europe, 29 November 2012.

  20. 20.

    Fyodor Dostoyevsky, A Writers Diary (Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press, 1993), 1374.

  21. 21.

    Tomberg, “Public Component of Russia-China Energy Dialogue.”

  22. 22.

    Vladimir Putin, “Vystuplenie na plenarnom zasedanii soveshchaniia poslov i postoiannykh predstavitelei Rossii,” (Moscow: President of Russia, 2004).

  23. 23.

    Government of the Russian Federation, “Energeticheskoi strategii Rossii na period do 2020 goda,” (Moscow: Government of the Russian Federation, 2003).

  24. 24.

    Katja Yafimava, The Transit Dimension of EU Energy Security (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), 5.

  25. 25.

    Grigas, “Can EU Face Russia Down over Energy Policy?.”

  26. 26.

    Illarionov, “Press Conference with Presidential Economic Adviser Andrei Illarionov, Alexander House.”

  27. 27.

    Ivanov, “E dinyi vnutrennii rynok es: svet, teni, istoricheskaia perspektiva, ” 32.

  28. 28.

    Interfax, “Outgoing Russian Diplomat Reproaches European Commission for Impeding Dialogue with Moscow.”

  29. 29.

    Ivanov, “Raschishchat’ puti k zrelomu partnerstvu Rossii i Evrosoiuza.”

  30. 30.

    Khristenko, “Making Headway to Integration,” 4–5, my emphasis.

  31. 31.

    Khristenko, “Making Headway to Integration,” 4.

  32. 32.

    Joseph S. Nye, The Paradox of American Power (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).

  33. 33.

    Khristenko, “Making Headway to Integration,” 4.

  34. 34.

    Author’s interview with Russian Industry Official [Moscow, 14.03.12].

  35. 35.

    Moscow Times, “New Gas Pipeline to Skip Ukraine,” The Moscow Times, 1 July 2000.

  36. 36.

    Raff, “Analysts: Ukraine Got Best of Gas Deal.”

  37. 37.

    Stern, The Russian-Ukrainian Gas Crisis of January 2006.

  38. 38.

    Fiona Hill, “Moscow Discovers Soft Power,” Current History 105, no. 693 (2006): 341.

  39. 39.

    G8 presidency of the Russian Federation in 2006, “Global Energy Security,” (St. Petersburg: The G8 presidency of the Russian Federation in 2006, 2006).

  40. 40.

    Zygar, Mikhail. 2016. All the Kremlin’s Men: Inside the Court of Vladimir Putin. New York, NY: PublicAffairs, pp. 218–219.

  41. 41.

    Putin, Vladimir. 2006. Transcript of Meeting with Participants in the Third Meeting of the Valdai Discussion Club. Moscow: President of Russia. http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/transcripts/23789

  42. 42.

    EU-Russia Energy Dialogue, “Interim Report—to Be Presented at the Russia-EU Summit, 25 May 2006 by the Parties of the EU-Russia Energy Dialogue,” (Sochi: EU-Russia Energy Dialogue, 2006), 1.

  43. 43.

    “Seventh Progress Report,” 2.

  44. 44.

    Mikhail Kasyanov, “Energy Security and Russia-EU Cooperation,” in Speech delivered at the European Enterprise Institute (Brussels 2006), my emphasis.

  45. 45.

    European Commission, “Green Paper, a European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy,” (Brussels: European Commission, 2006), 5.

  46. 46.

    Author’s interview with EU Official C [Phone, 29.10.12].

  47. 47.

    Author’s interview with EU Official C.

  48. 48.

    Author’s interview with EU Official C.

  49. 49.

    Author’s interview with EU Official B.

  50. 50.

    European Commission, “Communication from the Commission to the European Council and the European Parliament: An Energy Policy for Europe,” (Brussels: European Commission, 2007), 4.

  51. 51.

    Judith Kelley, “New Wine in Old Wineskins: Promoting Political Reforms through the New European Neighbourhood Policy,” Journal of Common Market Studies 44, no. 1 (2006).

  52. 52.

    European Union and Government of Ukraine, “Memorandum of Understanding on Co-Operation in the Field of Energy between the European Union and Ukraine,” (Brussels/Kiev: European Commission, 2005); EU-Ukraine Energy Cooperation, “Seventh Joint EU-Ukraine Report,” (Brussels: EU-Ukraine Energy Cooperation, 2013), 1.

  53. 53.

    Author’s interview with Vaclav Bartuska.

  54. 54.

    European Commission, “An EU Energy Security and Solidarity Action Plan,” (Brussels: European Commission, 2008), 8.

  55. 55.

    Author’s interviews with Vaclav Bartuska; EU Official D [Brussels, 19.10.12]; Energy Community Secretariat, “Annual Report,” (Vienna: Energy Community Secretariat, 2012).

  56. 56.

    European Union and The Republic of Kazakhstan, “Memorandum of Understanding on Co-operation in the Field of Energy between the European Union and the Republic of Kazakhstan,” (Brussels: European Union/Republic of Kazakhstan, 2006), 2.

  57. 57.

    Ibid.

  58. 58.

    Author’s interview with EU Official C.

  59. 59.

    Author’s interview with Christian Cleutinx.

  60. 60.

    Author’s interview with EU Official B.

  61. 61.

    Author’s interviews with EU Official B; European Commission, “Andris Piebalgs, Member of the European Commission,” European Commission, 17 March 2014.

  62. 62.

    Author’s interview with EU National Official D [Phone, 30.10.12].

  63. 63.

    Author’s interview with EU Industry Official A.

  64. 64.

    Author’s interview with Stanislav Zhiznin.

  65. 65.

    Zhiznin, Energy Diplomacy: Russia and the World, 275.

  66. 66.

    Author’s interview with Quentin Perret, Chargé de mission international, Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development and Energy, France [Brussels, 23.10.12].

  67. 67.

    Author’s interview Mati Murd, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Estonia [Phone, 31.10.12].

  68. 68.

    Author’s interview with Quentin Perret.

  69. 69.

    Author’s interview with EU National Official D.

  70. 70.

    Author’s interview with EU National Official D.

  71. 71.

    Author’s interview with Dins Merirands, Deputy State Secretary, Ministry of Transport of the Republic of Latvia [Brussels, 29.10.12]; Grigas, The Politics of Energy and Memory Between the Baltic States and Russia, 37.

  72. 72.

    Ibid.

  73. 73.

    Author’s interview with EU National Official D.

  74. 74.

    Author’s interview with Mati Murd.

  75. 75.

    Author’s interview with EU National Official B.

  76. 76.

    Author’s interview with EU National Official A [Moscow, 13.04.12].

  77. 77.

    Author’s interview with EU National Official E [Brussels, 29.10.12].

  78. 78.

    Author’s interviews with Vaclav Bartuska; EU National Official B.

  79. 79.

    Author’s interview with EU National Official E.

  80. 80.

    Author’s interview with Dins Merirands.

  81. 81.

    Author’s interview with Kristiina Ojuland, former Foreign Minister of Estonia (2002–2005), Member of the European Parliament (2009–2014) [E-mail, 11.02.10].

  82. 82.

    Robert Anderson et al., “Moscow’s Past Satellites Take Keen Interest in Energy Talks,” Financial Times, 12 July 2006.

  83. 83.

    Grigas, The Politics of Energy and Memory Between the Baltic States and Russia.

  84. 84.

    Joanna A. Gorska, Dealing with a Juggernaut, Analyzing Polands Policy towards Russia, 1989–2009 (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2010), 130–2.

  85. 85.

    Hugh Williamson and Jan Cienski, “Merkel Promises Closer German Ties with Poland,” Financial Times, 17 August 2005.

  86. 86.

    Shevtsova, “Germany: When Will the Ostpolitik Finally End?.”

  87. 87.

    BBC, “Nord Stream Gas Pipeline Opened by Merkel and Medvedev,” BBC, 8 November 2011.

  88. 88.

    Hans Michael Kloth, “Polish Minister Attacks Schröder and Merkel,” Der Spiegel, 1 May 2006.

  89. 89.

    Author’s interview with EU Official C.

  90. 90.

    Estonian Foreign Policy Institute, “Energy Security of Estonia in the Context of the Energy Policy of the European Union,” (Tallin: Riigikogu/Parliament of Estonia, 2006).

  91. 91.

    Der Spiegel, “Spiegel Interview with Poland’s Kaczynski, ” Der Spiegel, 6 March 2006.

  92. 92.

    Steven Lee Myers, “Cheney Rebukes Russia on Rights,” The New York Times, 5 May 2006.

  93. 93.

    Condoleezza Rice, No Higher Honour, a Memoir of My Years in Washington (London: Simon & Schuster, 2011), 412.

  94. 94.

    George W. Bush, Decision Points, 1st ed. (New York: Crown Publishers, 2010), 432.

  95. 95.

    Spencer Abraham and William Tucker, Lights Out! : Ten Myths About (and Real Solutions to) Americas Energy Crisis, 1st ed. (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2010), 56.

  96. 96.

    Rice, No Higher Honour, a Memoir of My Years in Washington, 412.

  97. 97.

    Ibid.

  98. 98.

    Author’s interview with Nodari Simonia.

  99. 99.

    Lucan Way, “The Real Causes of the Color Revolutions,” Journal of Democracy 19, no. 3 (2008).

  100. 100.

    Joanne Levine, “Awaiting Solzhenitsyn, Moscow Merely Shrugs,” The Moscow Times, 26 May 1992.

  101. 101.

    Yafimava, The Transit Dimension of EU Energy Security.

  102. 102.

    Vladimir Putin, “Speech and the Following Discussion at the Munich Conference on Security Policy,” (Munich: President of Russia, 2007).

  103. 103.

    Rice, No Higher Honour, a Memoir of My Years in Washington, 576–80.

  104. 104.

    Edward Lucas, The New Cold War, How the Kremlin Menaces Both Russia and the West (London: Bloomsbury, 2008).

  105. 105.

    Ian Traynor, “Georgia: Divided EU Prepares to Review Stand on Russia at Emergency Summit,” The Guardian, 1 September 2008.

  106. 106.

    Abraham and Tucker, Lights Out! : Ten Myths About (and Real Solutions to) Americas Energy Crisis, 55–6.

  107. 107.

    Yafimava, The Transit Dimension of EU Energy Security, 1.

  108. 108.

    Derek Fraser, “What Was Really in Tymoshenko’s 2009 Gas Agreement with Russia?,” Kyiv Post, 12 October 2011; Simon Pirani, Jonathan P. Stern, and Katja Yafimava, The Russo-Ukrainian Gas Dispute of January 2009, a Comprehensive Assessment (Oxford: Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, 2009).

  109. 109.

    Author’s interview with Vaclav Bartuska.

  110. 110.

    Author’s interview with Vaclav Bartuska.

  111. 111.

    Author’s interview with Quentin Perret.

  112. 112.

    European Parliament, “Gas Supplies by Russia to Ukraine and the EU (Debate),” (Brussels: Official Journal of the European Union, 2009).

  113. 113.

    Author’s interview with EU Official E [Phone, 23.04.10].

  114. 114.

    Kostis Geropolous, “Putin Snubs Sofia Summit over Nabucco, Ukraine,” New Europe, 20 April 2009.

  115. 115.

    Jos Boonstra and Natalia Shapovalova, “The EU’s Eastern Partnership: One Year Backwards,” Fride Working Paper May, no. 99 (2010).

  116. 116.

    Andris Piebalgs, “Energy for a Changing World: The New European Energy Policy,” in Europes Energy Challenges (Brussels: European Commission, 2007), 8.

  117. 117.

    European Commission, “Green Paper, towards a Secure, Sustainable and Competitive European Energy Network,” (Brussels: European Commission, 2008), 6.

  118. 118.

    Ibid., 3.

  119. 119.

    Ibid., 6.

  120. 120.

    EU-Russia Energy Dialogue, “Ninth Progress Report,” (Paris: EU-Russia Energy Dialogue, 2008).

  121. 121.

    European Commission, “Communication from the Commission to the European Council and the European Parliament: An Energy Policy for Europe,” 9.

  122. 122.

    Author’s interview with EU Official D.

  123. 123.

    European Commission, “Communication from the Commission to the European Council and the European Parliament: An Energy Policy for Europe,” 10.

  124. 124.

    European Commission et al, “Memorandum of Understanding on the Baltic Energy Market Interconnection Plan,” (Brussels: European Commission, 2009).

  125. 125.

    European Commission, “Green Paper, a European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy.”

  126. 126.

    Piebalgs, “Energy for a Changing World: The New European Energy Policy.”

  127. 127.

    Dieter R. Helm, “European Energy Policy,” in The Oxford Handbook of the European Union, ed. Erik Jones, Anand Menon, and Stephen Weatherill (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012).

  128. 128.

    David Gordon Smith, “Nuclear Phaseout Is an ‘Historic Moment’,” Der Spiegel, 30 May 2011.

  129. 129.

    The Economist, “How to Lose Half a Trillion Euros,” The Economist, 12 October 2013.

  130. 130.

    Guy Chazan, “Energy Costs Widen Gap in Competitiveness,” Financial Times, 14 October 2013.

  131. 131.

    Paolo Scaroni, “Europe Must Speak with One Voice on Energy,” ibid., 11 April 2014.

  132. 132.

    Darya Korsunskaya, “Putin Ponders Climate Change in Arctic Russia,” Reuters, 23 August 2010.

  133. 133.

    EU-Russia Energy Dialogue, “Thematic Group on Investments,” 9.

  134. 134.

    Geropolous, “Putin Snubs Sofia Summit over Nabucco, Ukraine.”

  135. 135.

    Geropolous, “Putin Snubs Sofia Summit over Nabucco, Ukraine.”

  136. 136.

    Fiona Hill, “Russia: The 21st Century’s Energy Superpower?,” Brookings Review 20, no. 2 (2002).

  137. 137.

    EU-Russia Energy Dialogue, “Thematic Group on Investments,” 10.

  138. 138.

    Ickes and Gaddy, “Russia after the Global Financial Crisis.”

  139. 139.

    Padma Desai, “Rethinking Russia: Russia’s Financial Crisis,” Journal of International Affairs 63, no. 2 (2010).

  140. 140.

    U.S. Department of Energy, “Modern Shale Gas Development in the United States: A Primer,” ed. Office of Fossil Energy National Energy Technology Laboratory (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Energy, 2009), ES-1.

  141. 141.

    Author’s interview with Quentin Perret.

  142. 142.

    Author’s interview with Vladimir Drebentsov.

  143. 143.

    See for instance: EU-Russia Energy Dialogue, “Joint Report EU-Russia Energy Dialogue 2000–2010,” (Brussels/Moscow: EU-Russia Energy Dialogue, 2010).

  144. 144.

    Bakhtin, The Dialogic Imagination, Four Essays, 84.

  145. 145.

    “Discourse in the Novel,” 415.

  146. 146.

    Vladimir Putin, “Putin’s speech at Davos World Economic Forum,” RussiaToday, 28 January 2009.

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Talseth, LC.U. (2017). The Geoeconomic Dialogue (2006–2009). In: The Politics of Power. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33126-3_5

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