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The Marine Microbiome pp 187–207Cite as

Biogeography of Marine Microorganisms

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Abstract

Marine microbial biogeography describes the occurrence and abundance of microbial taxa and aims to understand the mechanisms by which they are dispersed and then adapt to their environment. The development of novel technologies, such as Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) in combination with large-scale ocean sampling campaigns, generated a vast amount of taxonomic data that allowed for in-depth analyses of biogeographic patterns. Globally occurring groups of microorganisms were detected that dominate the marine environment (e.g., SAR11, SAR86, Roseobacter, and Vibrio), however, NGS data revealed the presence of distinct eco- and phylotypes inside these clades and genera that showed clear ecological niche adaptation and different biogeographic distributions. Genome analyses of these marine microorganisms helped to understand potential adaptive mechanisms that could explain why certain taxa are occurring ubiquitously and others are limited to certain regions and ecosystems. Marine microorganisms can employ a vast variety of adaptive mechanisms to deal with environmental parameters such as temperature, light or nutrient availability, for example through exploitation of specific energy sources or protective mechanisms against UV radiation or viruses. The availability or lack of physiological pathways and traits in ecotypes is then responsible for shaping the marine microbial biogeography.

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Acknowledgments

The research leading to these results has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under grant agreement No. 311975. This publication reflects the views only of the author, and the European Union cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein.

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  1. Matís ohf./Food Safety, Environment and Genetics, Vínlandsleið 12, 113 Reykjavík, Iceland

    Viggó Þór Marteinsson, René Groben, Eyjólfur Reynisson & Pauline Vannier

  2. University of Iceland, Sæmundargata 2, 101 Reykjavík, Iceland

    Viggó Þór Marteinsson

  3. Agricultural University of Iceland, Hvanneyri, IS-311 Borgarnes, Iceland

    Viggó Þór Marteinsson

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  1. Viggó Þór Marteinsson
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Correspondence to Viggó Þór Marteinsson .

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  1. Royal Neth. Inst. f. Sea Res., University of Amsterdam, Yerseke, The Netherlands

    Lucas J. Stal

  2. Royal Neth. Inst. f. Sea Research, University of Amsterdam, Yerseke, The Netherlands

    Mariana Silvia Cretoiu

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Marteinsson, V.Þ., Groben, R., Reynisson, E., Vannier, P. (2016). Biogeography of Marine Microorganisms. In: Stal, L., Cretoiu, M. (eds) The Marine Microbiome. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-33000-6_6

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