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Antiviral Silencing and Suppression of Gene Silencing in Plants

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Current Research Topics in Plant Virology

Abstract

RNA silencing is an evolutionary conserved sequence-specific gene inactivation mechanism that contributes to the control of development, maintains heterochromatin, acts in stress responses, DNA repair and defends against invading nucleic acids like transposons and viruses. In plants RNA silencing functions as one of the main immune systems. RNA silencing process involves the small RNAs and trans factor components like Dicers, Argonautes and RNA-dependent RNA polymerases. To deal with host antiviral silencing responses viruses evolved mechanisms to avoid or counteract this, most notably through expression of viral suppressors of RNA silencing. Due to the overlap between endogenous and antiviral silencing pathways while blocking antiviral pathways viruses also impact endogenous silencing processes. Here we provide an overview of antiviral silencing pathway, host factors implicated in it and the crosstalk between antiviral and endogenous branches of silencing. We summarize the current status of knowledge about the viral counter-defense strategies acting at various steps during virus infection in plants with the focus on representative, well studied silencing suppressor proteins. Finally we discuss future challenges of the antiviral silencing and counter-defense research field.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Országos Tudományos Kutatási Alapprogramok-NK105850, K112737 and the János Bolyai Research Scholarship of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences. We thank Péter Gyula for useful comments on the manuscript. We apologize to those colleagues whose work was not cited due to space limitations.

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  1. National Agricultural Research and Innovation Center – Agricultural Biotechnology Center (NARIC-ABC), Gödöllő, Szent-Györgyi A. u. 4, Pest, 2100, Hungary

    Tibor Csorba & József Burgyán

Authors
  1. Tibor Csorba
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  2. József Burgyán
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Tibor Csorba .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. London Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, London, Ontario, Canada

    Aiming Wang

  2. State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plan, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China

    Xueping Zhou

Glossary

Glossary

RNAi::

RNA interference

TGS::

Transcriptional Gene Silencing

PTGS::

Post Transcriptional Gene Silencing

sRNA::

small RNA

dsRNA::

double-stranded RNA

ssRNA::

single-stranded RNA

DCL::

Dicer-Like enzymes

PAZ::

Piwi/Argonaute/Zwille-domain

AGO::

Argonaute protein

RDR::

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

RISC::

RNA-Induced Silencing Complex

RITSC::

RNA-Induced Transcriptional Silencing Complex

miRNA:

: micro RNA

siRNA::

small interfering RNA

ta-siRNA::

trans-acting small interfering RNA

nat-siRNA::

natural-antisense small interfering RNA

ra-siRNA::

repeat-associated small interfering RNA

vsiRNA::

viral small interfering RNA

vasiRNA::

virus-activated small interfering RNA

1.1.1 (+) ssRNA Virus

BMV::

Brome mosaic virus

CMV::

Cucumber mosaic virus

CNV::

Cucumber necrosis virus

CymRSV::

Cymbidium ringspot virus

GVA::

Grapevine virus A

ORMV::

Oilseed rape mosaic virus

PLPV::

Pelargonium line pattern virus

PoLV::

Pothos latent virus

PRSV::

Papaya ringspot virus

PVA::

Potato virus A

PVX::

Potato virus X

PVY::

Potato virus Y

RCNMV::

Red clover necrotic mosaic virus

RYMV::

Rice yellow mottle virus

SCMV::

Sugarcane mosaic virus

SPCSV::

Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus

SPMMV::

Sweet potato mild mottle virus

TAV::

Tomato aspermy virus

TEV::

Tobacco etch virus

TBSV::

Tomato bushy stunt virus

TCV::

Turnip crinkle virus

TMV::

Tobacco mosaic virus

ToRSV::

Tomato ringspot virus

TRV::

Tobacco rattle virus

TuMV::

Turnip mosaic virus

TYMV::

Turnip yellow mosaic virus

1.1.2 (−) ssRNA Virus

RSV::

Rice stripe virus

TSWV::

Tomato spotted wilt virus

1.1.3 dsRNA Virus

OsEV::

Oryza sativa endornavirus

RDV::

Rice dwarf phytoreovirus

1.1.4 ssDNA Virus

ACMV::

African cassava mosaic virus

BCTV::

Beet curly top virus

CaLCuV::

Cabbage leaf curl virus

TGMV::

Tomato golden mosaic virus

TYLCV::

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus

TYLCCNV::

Tomato yellow leaf curl China virus

1.1.5 dsDNA Virus

CaMV::

Cauliflower mosaic virus

TVCV::

Turnip vein-clearing virus

viroid::

non-protein coding infectios RNAs

PLMVd::

Peach latent mosaic viroid

PSTVd::

Potato spindle tuber viroid

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© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

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Csorba, T., Burgyán, J. (2016). Antiviral Silencing and Suppression of Gene Silencing in Plants. In: Wang, A., Zhou, X. (eds) Current Research Topics in Plant Virology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32919-2_1

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