Abstract
Malaysia’s 13th general election, which was held in 2013, was billed as “the mother of all elections” because it was a do-or-die battle for the contestants in the wake of the last elections in 2008 where the “political tsunami” occurred with the opposition Pakatan Rakyat (PR) alliance gaining much electoral strength beyond their wildest dream. Unsurprisingly, the incumbent Barisan Nasional (BN) electoral campaigning in 2013 went on a high gear. BN political advertisements prevailed in the mainstream media. Similarly, the roads and highways were filled with political posters, banners and billboards, majority of which were placed by the BN coalition. The reinvigorated PR also made its presence felt as reflected in the increased numbers of electoral campaign materials especially in PR-controlled states. This study found that, among other things, socio-economic development as a theme was aggressively promoted in the electoral campaigns. Another finding is that memories of significant past were invoked by the BN to strike a chord with the voters. These posters, banners and billboards are important to the democratic and electoral process, but are however no substitute to the mainstream media and political rallies, which are restricted, in a country like Malaysia. They only serve to partly help widen democratic space as well as add colour and vibrancy to general elections.
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Notes
- 1.
The result of the 12th general election marked a radical shift in Malaysian politics to the extent that a local mainstream newspaper described it as a “political tsunami”. See, for instance, The Newsweek: http://www.economist.com/node/10833119.
- 2.
See http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/bersih-to-challenge-ec-if-delineation-exercise-illegally-increases-seats to get a sense of the politics of delineation in Malaysia.
- 3.
See http://www.barisannasional.org.my/en/component-party for the composition of the Barisan Nasional coalition.
- 4.
See for instance http://www.hrw.org/news/2014/09/14/malaysia-sedition-act-wielded-silence-opposition to have an indication of the political implications of this piece of legislation.
- 5.
This phrase was expressed by UMNO Deputy President Muhyiddin Yassin, who is also (caretaker) deputy prime minister of Malaysia. See, for instance, http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/muhyiddin-wants-no-umno-mischief-ahead-of-mother-of-all-elections.
- 6.
The New Economic Policy (NEP) was a social re-engineering and affirmative action programme in the aftermath of the May riots of 1969. Implemented in 1971, the NEP was a two-prong strategy to eradicate poverty and reduce and subsequently eliminate identification of ethnicity with economic function and geographical location.
- 7.
See, for instance, http://www.themalaymailonline.com/what-you-think/article/why-is-the-umno-bn-government-using-the-sedition-act-to-arrest-people-now-f for a critical analysis of the use of the act in recent times. The Sedition Act was further amended in April 2015 to incorporate social media and news portals into its legal provisions, a move seen to be the government’s attempt to further curb freedom of speech and criticisms against the government on the Internet. See, for instance, http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-04-10/malaysian-parliament-passes-tough-sedition-act-amendments/6384164.
- 8.
- 9.
- 10.
See http://www.thenutgraph.com/a-poster-is-worth-a-thousand-votes/ as an example of such reporting on electoral posters.
- 11.
- 12.
See http://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/bitstream/handle/document/33660/ssoar-suedostaktuell-2007-2-lee-Barisan_Nasional__Political_Dominance.pdf?sequence=1 where the author examines how the BN coalition maintains its power in Malaysia. Also see pp. 46–47 for his comment on the billboards.
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Anuar, M.K. (2017). Under the Banner of Democracy: Political Expression in Malaysia’s 13th General Election. In: Holtz-Bacha, C., Johansson, B. (eds) Election Posters Around the Globe. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32498-2_11
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