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Understanding How Plants Respond to Drought Stress at the Molecular and Whole Plant Levels

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Drought Stress Tolerance in Plants, Vol 2

Abstract

Depending on duration and severity, drought stress causes many morphological, physiological, biochemical, and molecular changes in plants. At the morphological level, drought in general, reduces leaf expansion and growth and results in smaller plant size, lower leaf area index, and lower plant biomass and yield. The consequence of the drought stress on the reduction of grain yield depends on the growth stage at which the stress occurs. Drought stress is more sensitive when stress occurs during the reproductive growth stage, especially prior to or at the flowering stage. Stomatal closure, osmotic adjustment (OA), redox regulation through scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and synthesis of inducible proteins (dehydrins) are processes that help plants to tolerate drought stress. These processes are mediated in plants via signaling pathways and their crosstalk which culminates in the expression of drought-responsive genes. Several signaling pathways that operate under drought in plants include ABA, strigolactone, lipid-derived signal, ROS, soluble sugars, and others. These signaling pathways are primarily ABA-dependent or ABA-independent. Major transcription factors such as ABREB/ABF, DREB1/CBF, DREB2, NAC, and so on play important roles in the regulatory network of the induction of drought-related genes, the products of which are either functional proteins such as antioxidant enzymes and dehydrins, or regulatory proteins such as transcription factors. Several efforts are being made in recent times where some of these important genes involved in plant response to drought are transferred through a genetic engineering approach to produce transgenic plants. Overexpression of some of these essential drought-responsive genes in the transgenic plants enhanced their tolerance to drought stress, mainly under controlled conditions. However, more comprehensive work needs to be directed toward testing these transgenic plants under natural growing conditions in the field. Even though a single-gene transfer enhanced drought tolerance (DT), multigene transfer might have a greater improvement in DT.

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Abbreviations

A:

Photosynthetic rate

ABA:

Abscisic acid

ABFs:

ABRE- binding factors

ABRE:

ABA-responsive element

ACC:

1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid

AP2:

APETALA 2

APX:

Ascorbate peroxidase

AREB:

ABRE-binding protein

AsA:

Reduced ascorbate

ASH:

Ascorbic acid

bZIP:

Two basic leucine zipper transcription factors

CAT:

Catalase

CBF:

CRT binding factor

CRT:

C-repeat

DA:

Drought avoidance

DAG-PP:

Diacylglycerol-pyrophosphate

DE:

Drought escape

Dehydrin:

Dehydration-induced

DHAR:

Dehydroascorbate reductase

DRE:

Dehydration-responsive element

DREB:

DRE-binding protein

DT:

Drought tolerance

E:

Transpiration rate

ERF:

Ethylene-responsive element binding factor

ETC:

Electron transport chain

EUW:

Effective use of water

GOPX:

Guaicol peroxidase

GPX:

Glutathione peroxidase

GR:

Glutathione reductase

GSH:

Glutathione

GST:

Glutathione-S- transferase

H2O2 :

Hydrogen peroxide

HI:

Harvest index

LEA:

Late embryogenesis proteins

LOX1:

Lipoxygenase 1

LWP:

Leaf water potential

MAPK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinase

MDA:

Malondialdehyde

MDAR:

Monodehydroascorbate reductase

MDHAR:

Monodehydroascorbate reductase

NAC:

NAM, ATAF, CUC

NACR:

NAC recognition sequence

NO:

Nitric oxide

O ·−2 :

Superoxide anion

1O2 :

Singlet oxygen

OA:

Osmotic adjustment

.OH:

Hydroxyl radicals

P5CS:

Delta (1)-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthetase

PA:

Phosphatidic acid

PCK:

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase

PEG:

Polyethylene glycol

PLD:

Phospholipase D

POD:

Peroxidase

PP2C:

2C-type protein phosphatase

PPDK:

Pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase

PSI:

Photosystem I

PSII:

Photosystem II

PYL:

Pyrabactin-resistance like

PYR:

Pyrabactin resistance

QTL:

Quantitative trait locus

RAB:

Response to ABA

RCAB:

Regulatory component of ABA receptor

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

Rubisco:

Ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase

RuBP:

Ribulose 1,5 bisphosphate

SnRK2:

Sucrose non-fermenting 1-related protein kinase

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

WUE:

Water use efficiency

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Plant Production, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid, 22110, Jordan

    Nezar H. Samarah

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  1. Nezar H. Samarah
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Correspondence to Nezar H. Samarah .

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  1. Genetics & Plant Breeding, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh

    Mohammad Anwar Hossain

  2. Plant Breeding & Genetics, SKUAST-Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India

    Shabir Hussain Wani

  3. Botany, University of Burdwan, Burdwan, West Bengal, India

    Soumen Bhattacharjee

  4. Botany, University of Otago, Dunedin, Otago, New Zealand

    David J Burritt

  5. Signaling Pathway Research Unit, RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Sc, Yokohama, Japan

    Lam-Son Phan Tran

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Samarah, N.H. (2016). Understanding How Plants Respond to Drought Stress at the Molecular and Whole Plant Levels. In: Hossain, M., Wani, S., Bhattacharjee, S., Burritt, D., Tran, LS. (eds) Drought Stress Tolerance in Plants, Vol 2. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32423-4_1

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