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In Utero Exposure to Nicotine, Cocaine, and Amphetamines

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Pediatric Neurotoxicology

Part of the book series: Specialty Topics in Pediatric Neuropsychology ((STPN))

Abstract

Nicotine, cocaine, and amphetamines (methamphetamine, amphetamine, and 3,4, methylenedioxymethamphetamine, “MDMA/Ecstasy”) are all psychomotor stimulants, a class of drugs in which significant sensorimotor activation occurs in response to drug administration. Effects on child developmental outcome are important to consider given their widespread use during pregnancy, but gaps in the research literature are striking, with only a few studies on amphetamines. Prenatal stimulant exposure exerts physiologic stress on the pregnancy and increases chances of birth complications and intrauterine growth restriction. Brain imaging data support structural and functional differences attributable to prenatal stimulant exposure. Prenatal nicotine exposure has a small negative effect on overall IQ in a dose–response relationship while prenatal cocaine exposure has no overall effect on IQ but specific effects on visual-perceptual reasoning, executive function, language, and behavior. Prenatal methamphetamine exposure is related to motor, behavioral, and specific cognitive deficits in the preschool years. Similar deficits in motor development were found in a well-controlled study of MDMA exposed children to 2 years. Prenatal nicotine and cocaine exposure are associated with decreased academic performance, attention and executive function problems, language deficits, increased externalizing behaviors, and teen substance use. Data on prenatal amphetamine exposure is sparse but suggest problems in executive skills and internalizing behaviors. In sum, prenatal stimulant exposure interferes with development, educational attainment, and risk for teen substance abuse. Early developmental assessment and intervention for identified weaknesses are recommended.

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Acknowledgement

This study was supported by grant RO1-DA07957 NIH—National Institute on Drug Abuse.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Case Western Reserve University, 2040 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA

    Lynn T. Singer Ph.D.

  2. Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA

    Meeyoung O. Min Ph.D. & Sonia Minnes Ph.D.

  3. Case Western Reserve University, 11635 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA

    Adelaide Lang Ph.D.

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  1. Lynn T. Singer Ph.D.
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Correspondence to Lynn T. Singer Ph.D. .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Educational Psychology and Institute of Neuroscience, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA

    Cynthia A. Riccio

  2. Department of Educational Psychology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA

    Jeremy R. Sullivan

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Singer, L.T., Min, M.O., Lang, A., Minnes, S. (2016). In Utero Exposure to Nicotine, Cocaine, and Amphetamines. In: Riccio, C., Sullivan, J. (eds) Pediatric Neurotoxicology. Specialty Topics in Pediatric Neuropsychology. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32358-9_3

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