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Non-Neuronal Mechanisms of Brain Damage and Repair After Stroke pp 189–199Cite as

The Role of Spleen-Derived Immune Cells in Ischemic Brain Injury

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Part of the book series: Springer Series in Translational Stroke Research ((SSTSR))

Abstract

Neuroinflammation modulates brain injury and recovery after stroke. The spleen, as the largest secondary lymphoid organ, contributes to this neuroinflammation, and therefore influences stroke-induced brain injury. When stroke occurs, pro-inflammatory cytokines in the ischemic brain are produced that stimulate inflammatory brain receptors, which initiate communication between the brain and the spleen via the sympathetic nervous system (SNS), parasympathetic nervous system (PNS), and hypothalamus-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis. The spleen contains various immune cells, including T cells, B cells, monocytes, macrophages, NK, and NKT cells. SNS activity leads to the rapid release of immune cells from the spleen, transient increases of released immune cells into the blood circulation, and their migration to the ischemic brain, thus exacerbating neuroinflammation in the ischemic region and enlarging the infarction. Direct evidence that the spleen contributes to brain injury is the fact that splenectomy robustly reduces infarct size. In addition, reductions in spleen size are correlated with the severity of stroke. Furthermore, immune cells in the spleen are found in the ischemic brain. Nevertheless, although it is well established that the spleen contributes to brain injury, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Future studies will reveal how the spleen modulates brain injury, which immune cell types in the spleen play the most important roles, and whether the spleen has a long-term effect on brain recovery after stroke.

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Acknowledgement

I wish to thank Ms. Cindy H. Samos for editorial assistance. This study was supported by NINDS grants 2R56NS06413606, 2 R01 NS064136-06.

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  1. Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, MSLS Bldg, P306, 1201 Welch Rd., Stanford, CA, 94305-5327, USA

    Heng Zhao Ph.D.

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  1. Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

    Jun Chen

  2. Pittsburgh Institute of Brain Disorders and Recovery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA

    John H. Zhang

  3. Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, USA

    Xiaoming Hu

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Zhao, H. (2016). The Role of Spleen-Derived Immune Cells in Ischemic Brain Injury. In: Chen, J., Zhang, J., Hu, X. (eds) Non-Neuronal Mechanisms of Brain Damage and Repair After Stroke. Springer Series in Translational Stroke Research. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32337-4_10

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