Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Reimagining Collective Behavior

  • Chapter
Book cover Handbook of Contemporary Sociological Theory

Part of the book series: Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research ((HSSR))

Abstract

Recent research from cognitive social science reveals that early collective behavior theorists had more right than we tend to credit. This may come as a surprise given the rejection of early theories by the emergence of the social movements field and the coinciding rationalist turn. To break free of old ways of thinking, we use cognitive social science to revisit collective behavior theories with a renewed understanding of cognition and emotion. In so doing, we suggest the future of collective behavior is one which utilizes cognitive social science as the foundation from which theories can be rebuilt. We develop this chapter in four parts. First, we review the major approaches to categorizing collective behavior. Following, we trace the history of the major theoretical contributions and perspectives. We then revisit the prematurely dismissed theories in light of recent advances in cognitive social science with an emphasis on emotions, cognition, and action. Finally, we end the chapter with fruitful paths for the future of collective behavior by emphasizing a methodological approach and substantive areas which afford great potential for innovative theorizing.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    For a complete discussion on how to systematically record data during collective gatherings see The Collective Action Observation Primer (McPhail et al. 1997).

References

  • Abrutyn, S. (2014). Revisiting institutionalism in sociology: Putting the “Institution” back in institutional analysis. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Abrutyn, S., & Mueller, A. S. (2015). When too much integration and regulation hurts: Reenvisioning Durkheim’s altruistic suicide. Society and Mental Health. doi:10.1177/2156869315604346.

    Google Scholar 

  • Abrutyn, S., & Van Ness, J. (2015). The role of agency in sociocultural evolution: Institutional entrepreneurship as a force of structural and cultural transformation. Thesis Eleven, 127(1), 52–77.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abrutyn, S., Van Ness, J., & Taylor, M. A. (2017). Collective acton and cultural change: Revisiting Eisenstadt’s evolutionary theory. Journal of Classical Sociology 17(1).

    Google Scholar 

  • Allport, F. H. (1924a). The group fallacy in relation to social science. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 19, 60–73.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Allport, G. (1924b). Social psychology. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Amenta, E., Caren, N., Olasky, S. J., & Stobaugh, J. E. (2009). All the movements fit to print: Who, what, when, where, and why SMO families appeared in the “New York Times” in the twentieth century. American Sociological Review, 74(4), 636–656.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andrews, K. T., & Caren, N. (2010). Making the news: Movement organizations, media attention, and the public agenda. American Sociological Review, 75(6), 841–866.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baddeley, A. (1986). Working memory. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernieri, F. J., Reznick, J. S., & Rosenthal, R. (1988). Synchrony, psuedosynchrony, and dissynchrony: Measuring the entrainment process in mother-infant interactions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 243–253.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beyerlein, K., & Hipp, J. R. (2006). A two-stage model for a two-stage process: How biographical availability matters for social movement mobilization. Mobilization, 11(3), 219–240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beyerlein, K., & Sikkink, D. (2008). Sorrow and solidarity: Why Americans volunteered for 9/11 relief efforts. Social Problems, 55(2), 190–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Blumer, H. (1969 [1939]). Collective behavior. In Lee, A. M. (Ed.), Principles of sociology (pp. 67–121). New York: Barnes and Noble.

    Google Scholar 

  • Borch, C. (2012). The politics of crowds: An alternative history of sociology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Brewer, M. B. (1988). A dual process model of impression formation. In T. K. Srull & R. S. Wyer (Eds.), Advances in social cognition (pp. 1–36). Hillsdale: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryan, J. (1982). An examinaiton and analysis of the dynamics of human behavior in the MGM Grand Hotel fire: Clark Couny, Nevada November 21, 1980. Washington, DC: National Fire Protection Association.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cantor, D. (1980). An overview of human behavior in fires. In D. Cantor (Ed.), Fires and human behavior. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christakis, N. A., & Fowler, J. H. (2009). Connected: The surprising power of our social networks and how they shape our lives. New York: Back Bay Books.

    Google Scholar 

  • Collett, J. L., & Lizardo, O. (2014). Localizing cultural phenomena by specifying social psychological mechanisms: Introduction to the special issue. Social Psychology Quarterly, 77(2), 95–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, R. (2001). Social movements and the focus of emotional attention. In J. Goodwin, J. M. Jasper, & F. Polletta (Eds.), Passionate politics: Emotions and social movements (pp. 27–44). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, R. (2004). Interaction ritual chains. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Collins, R. (2009). Violence: A micro-sociological theory. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Couch, C. J. (1968). Collective behavior: An examination of some stereotypes. Social Problems, 15, 310–322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Damasio, A. R. (1994). Descartes’ error: Emotion, reason, and the human being. New York: Putnam.

    Google Scholar 

  • Damasio, A. R. (2003). Looking for Spinoza: Joy, sorrow, and the feeling brain. Orlando: Harcourt Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • De Nardo, J. (1985). Power in numbers: The political strategy of protest and rebellion. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Della Fave, R. L. (1980). The meek shall not inherit the earth: Self-evaluation and the legitimacy of stratification. American Sociological Review, 45(6), 955–971.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Desmond, M. (2007). On the fireline: Living and dying with wildland firefighters. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Dewey, J. (1922). The nature of human conduct. Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Durkheim, E. (1912). The elementary forms of religious life. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Earl, J., Martin, A., McCarthy, J. D., & Soule, S. A. (2004). The use of newspaper data in the study of collective action. Annual Review of Sociology, 30, 65–80.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eisinger, P. (1973). The conditions of protest behavior in American cities. American Political Science Review, 67, 11–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freud, S. (1921). Group psychology and analysis of the Ego. London: International Psychoanalytical Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuss, D. (2004). The sense of an interior: Four writers and the rooms that shaped them. New York: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallese, V., & Sinigaglia, C. (2011). What is so special about embodied simulation? Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 15(11), 512–519.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gawronksi, B., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (2006). Associative and propositional processes in evaluation: An integrative review of implicit and explicit attitude change. Psychological Bulletin, 132, 692–731.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson, J. J. (1979). The ecological approach to visual perception. Hillsdale: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gieryn, T. F. (2000). A space for place in sociology. Annual Review of Sociology, 26, 463–496.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gieryn, T. F. (2002). What buildings do. Theory and Society, 31, 35–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goffman, E. (1963). Behavior in public places. New York: The Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goffman, E. (1974). Frame analysis: An essay on the organization of experience. Boston: Northeastern University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin, J., Jasper, J. M., & Polletta, F. (2001). Why emotions matter. In J. Goodwin, J. M. Jasper, & F. Polletta (Eds.), Passionate politics (pp. 1–24). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Gould, R. V. (1991). Multiple networks and mobilization in the Paris commune, 1871. American Sociological Review, 56(6), 716–729.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gould, R. V. (1993). Collective action and network structure. American Sociological Review, 58(2), 182–196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gould, D. B. (2009). Moving politics: Emotion and ACT UP’s fight against AIDS. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Griswold, W., Mangione, G., & McDonnell, T. E. (2013). Objects, words, and bodies in space: Bringing materiality into cultural analysis. Qualitative Sociology, 36, 343–364.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gurr, T. R. (1968). A causal model of vicil strife: A comparative analysis using new indices. American Political Science Review, 67, 1104–1124.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gurr, T. R. (1970). Why men rebel. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haffner, J. (2013). The view from above: The science of social space. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Haidt, J. (2001). The emotional dog and its rational tail: A social institutionist approach to moral judgment. Psychological Review, 108(4), 814–834.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harvey, D. C. (2010). The space for culture and cognition. Poetics, 38(2), 185–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hatfield, E., Cacioppo, J., & Rapson, R. (1994). Emotional contagion: Studies in emotion and social interaction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hatfield, E., Hsee, C. K., Costello, J., Weisman, M. S., & Denny, C. (1995). The impact of vocal feedback on emotional experience and expression. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 10, 293–312.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hatfield, E., Rapson, R., & Le, Y. L. (2009). Emotional contagion and empathy. In J. Decety & W. Ickes (Eds.), The social neuroscience of empathy (pp. 19–30). Boston: MIT Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hoffer, E. (1951). The true believer: Thoughts on the nature of mass movements. New York: Harper Collins.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunzaker, M. B. F. (2014). Making sense of misfortune: Cultural schemas, victim redefinition, and the perpetuation of stereotypes. Social Psychology Quarterly, 77(2), 166–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Iacoboni, M. (2008). Mirroring people: The new science of how we connect with others. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

    Google Scholar 

  • James, W. (1890 [2007]). The principles of psychology. New York: H. Holt.

    Google Scholar 

  • James, W. (1912). Essays in radical empiricism. New York: Dover Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jasper, J. M. (1997). The art of moral protest. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Jasper, J. M. (2010). Social movement theory today: Toward a theory of action? Sociology Compass, 4(11), 965–976.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jasper, J. M. (2011). Emotions and social movements: Twenty years of theory and research. Annual Review of Sociology, 37(1), 285–303.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnston, D. M., & Johnson, N. R. (1989). Role extension in disaster: Employee behavior at the Beverly Hills Supper Club Fire. Sociological Focus, 22(1), 39–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahneman, D. (2011). Thinking, fast and slow. New York: Farrar, Strauss, Giroux.

    Google Scholar 

  • Khwaja, M. (1993). Repression and popular collective action: Evidence from the West Bank. Sociological Forum, 8(1), 47–71.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klandermans, B. (1997). The social psychology of protest. Cambridge, MA: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Klandermans, B., & Oegema, D. (1987). Potentials, networks, motivations, and barriers: Steps towards participation in social movements. American Sociological Review, 52(4), 519–531.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Klett, J. (2014). Sound on sound: Situating interaction in sonic object-settings. Sociological Theory, 32(2), 147–161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knoblich, G., & Flach, R. (2003). Action identity: Evidence from self-recognition, prediction, and coordination. Consciousness and Cognition, 12(4), 620–632.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koopmans, R. (1995). Democracy from below. New social movements and the political system in west Germany. Boulder: Westview.

    Google Scholar 

  • Koopmans, R. (1997). Dynamics of repression and mobilization: The German extreme right in the 1990s. Mobilization: An International Journal, 2(2), 149–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lasswell, H. D. (1930). Psychopathology and politics. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • LeBon, G. (1895). The psychology of the crowd. New York: Viking.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lefebvre, H. (1991). The production of space. Malden: Blackwell.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lefebvre, H. (2014 [2004]). Rhythmanalysis: Space, time and everyday life. London: Bloomsbury.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lizardo, O., & Strand, M. (2010). Skills, toolkits, contexts and institutions: Clarifying the relationship between different approaches to cognition in cultural sociology. Poetics, 38(2), 205–228.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lizardo, O., Mowry, R., Sepulvado, B., Stoltz, D. S., Taylor, M. A., Van Ness, J., & Wood, M. What are dual process models? Implications for cultural analysis in sociology. Unpublished manuscript.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mackie, D. M. & Skelly, J. J. (1994). The social cognition analysis of social influence: Contributions to the understanding of persuasion and conformity. In Devine, P. L., Hamilton, D. L., & Ostrom, T. M. (Eds.), Social cognition: Impact on social psychology (pp. 259–291). Academic.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maher, T. V. (2010). Threat, resistance, and collective action: The cases of Sobibor, Treblinka, and Auschwitz. American Sociological Review, 75(2), 252–272.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martin, E. D. (1920). The behavior of crowds: A psychological study. New York: Harper and Brothers.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Marwell, G., & Oliver, P. (1993). The critical mass in collective action: A micro-social theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Marx, G. T., & McAdam, D. (1994). Collective behavior and social movements: Process and structure. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marx, G. T., & Wood, J. L. (1975). Strands of theory and research in collective behavior. Annual Review of Sociology, 1, 363–428.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McAdam, D. ([1982] 1999). Political process and the development of black insurgency, 1930–1970. Chicago: University of Chicago.

    Google Scholar 

  • McAdam, D., & Paulsen, R. (1993). Specifying the relationship between social ties and activism. American Journal of Sociology, 99(3), 640–667.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy, J. D. (1991). Foreword. In The myth of the madding crowd (pp. xi–xviii). New York: Aldine De Gruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • McCarthy, J. D., & Zald, M. N. (1977). Resource mobilization and social movements: A partial theory. American Journal of Sociology, 82(6), 1212–1241.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDonnell, T. E. (2010). Cultural objects as objects: Materiality, urban space, and the interpretation of AIDS campaigns in Accra, Ghana. American Journal of Sociology, 115(6), 1800–1852.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDonnell, T. E. (2016). Best laid plans: Cultural entropy and the unraveling of AIDS media campaigns. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • McPhail, C. (1991). The myth of the madding crowd. New York: Aldine De Gruyter.

    Google Scholar 

  • McPhail, C. (1994). The dark side of purpose: Individual and collecitve purpose in riots. The Sociological Quarterly, 35(1), 1–32.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McPhail, C., & Miller, D. (1973). The assembling process: A theroetical and empirical examination. American Sociological Review, 38(6), 721–735.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McPhail, C., Schweingruber, D., & Berns, N. (1997). The collective action observation primer. Urbana: University of Illinois.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mead, G. H. (1934). Mind, self, and society from the standpoint of social behaviorist. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller, N., & Dollard, J. (1941). Social learning and imitation. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morris, A., & Herring, C. (1987). Theory and research in social movements: A critical review. Annual Review of Political Science, 2, 137–198.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mukerji, C. (1994). The political mobilization of nature in seventeenth century French formal gardens. Theory and Society, 23, 651–677.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muller, E. N., & Weede, E. (1990). Cross-national variation in political violence: A rational approach. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 34, 624–651.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Norris, J. (1988). Fire in a crowded theater. International Journal of Mass Emergencies and Disasters, 6, 7–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oliver, P. (1989). Bringing the crowd back in: The nonorganizational elements of social movements. Research in Social Movements, Conflicts and Change, 11, 1–130.

    Google Scholar 

  • Oliver, P. E., & Meyer, D. J. (1999). How events enter the public sphere: Conflict, location, and sponsorship in local newspaper coverage of public events. American Journal of Sociology, 105(1), 38–87.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Opp, K.-D., & Roehl, W. (1990). Repression, micromobilization, and political protest. Social Forces, 69, 521–547.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pagis, M. (2009). Embodied self-reflexivity. Social Psychology Quarterly, 72(3), 265–283.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Park, R. E. (1904). The crowd and the public. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Park, R. E. (1972). The crowd and the public and other essays. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Park, R. E., & Burgess, E. W. (1921). Introduction to the science of sociology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phelps, E. A. (2006). Emotion and cognition: Insights from studies of the human amygdala. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 27–53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Polletta, F. (2008). Culture and social movements. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 619(78).

    Google Scholar 

  • Polletta, F., & Jasper, J. M. (2001). Collective identity and social movements. Annual Review of Sociology, 27(1), 283–305.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rasler, K. (1996). Concessions, repression and political protest in the Iranian revolution. American Sociological Review, 61, 132–152.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rizzolatti, G., & Sinigaglia, C. (2007). Mirror neurons and motor intentionality. Functional Neurology, 22(4), 205–210.

    Google Scholar 

  • Robinson, D. T., & Smith-Lovin, L. (1992). Selective interaction as a strategy for identity maintenance: An affect control model. Social Psychology Quarterly, 55(1), 12–28.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rude, G. (1964). The crowd in history, 1730–1848. New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheff, T. J. (1990). Microsociology: Discourse, emotion, and social structure. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, J. C. (1998). Seeing like a state: How certain schemes to improve the human condition have failed. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegel, D. (2007). The mindful brain: Reflection and attunement in the cultivation of well-being. New York: W.W. Norton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smelser, N. J. (1962). Theory of collective behavior. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, C. (1996). Resisting Reagan: The U.S. Central American peace movement. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, E. R., & DeCoster, J. (2000). Dual-process models in social and cognitive psychology: Conceptual integration and links to underlying memory systems. Personality and Social Psychological Review, 4(2), 108–131.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smolensky, P. (1988). On the proper treatment of connectionism. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 11, 1–74.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snow, D. A., & Moss, D. M. (2014). Protest on the fly: Toward a theory of spontaneity in the dynamics of protest and social movements. American Sociological Review, 79(6), 1122–1143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snow, D. A., & Oliver, P. (1995). Social movements and collective behavior: Social psychological dimensions and considerations. In K. S. Cook, G. A. Fine, & J. S. House (Eds.), Sociological perspectives on social psychology. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snow, D. A., Zurcher, L. A., Jr., & Ekland-Olson, S. (1980). Social networks and social movements: A microstructural approach to differential recruitment. American Sociological Review, 45(5), 787–801.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snow, D. A., Cress, D. M., Downey, L., & Jones, A. W. (1998). Disrupting the “quotidian”: Reconceptualizing the relationship between breakdown and the emergence of collective action. Mobilization, 3, 1–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snow, D. A., Benford, R. D., McCammon, H. J., Hewitt, L., & Fitzgerald, S. (2014). The emergence, development, and future of the framing perspective: 25+ years since “frame alignment”. Mobilization: An International Journal, 19(1), 23–45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, D. (1976). Theoretical and methodological problems in the analysis of governmental coercion and collective violence. Journal of Political and Military Sociology, 4, 277–293.

    Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, D., & Tilly, C. (1972). Hardship and collective violence in France, 1830 to 1960. American Sociological Review, 37, 520–532.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stott, C., & Reicher, S. (1998). Crowd action as intergroup process: Introducing the police perspective. European Journal of Social Psychology, 28, 508–529.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strack, F., & Duetsch, R. (2004). Reflective and impulsive determinants of social behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 8(3), 220–247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strauss, C., & Quinn, N. (1997). A cognitive theory of cultural meaning. New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Summers-Effler, E. (2002). The micro potential for social change: Emotion, consciousness, and social movement formation. Sociological Theory, 20(1), 41–60.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Summers-Effler, E. (2004). A theory of the self, emotion, and culture. Advances in Group Processes, 21, 273–308.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Summers-Effler, E. (2007). Vortexes of involvement: Social systems as turbulent flow. Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 37(4), 433–448.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Summers-Effler, E. (2010). Laughing saints and righteous heroes: Emotional rhythms in social movement groups. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Summers-Effler, E., & Kwak, D. (2015). Weber’s missing mystics: Inner-worldly mystical practices and the micro potential for social change. Theory and Society, 44, 251–282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Summers-Effler, E., Van Ness, J., & Hausmann, C. (2015). Peeking in the black box: Studying, theorizing, and representing the micro-foundations of day-to-day interactions. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography, 44(4), 450–479.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tarde, G. (1901). Opinion and the crowd. In T. Clark (Ed.), Gabriel Tarde: On communication and social influence. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tavory, I. (2009). Of yarmulkes and categories: Delegating boundaries and the phenomenology of interactional expectation. Theory and Society, 39(1), 49–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thoits, P. A. (1995). Social psychology: The interplay between sociology and psychology. Social Forces, 73, 1231–1243.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tierney, K. (2002). Strength of a City: A disaster research perspective on the world trade center attack. Social Science Research Council.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tilly, C. (1978). From mobilization to revolution. Reading: Addison-Wesley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tilly, C., Tilly, L., & Tilly, R. (1975). The Rebellious Century, 1830–1930. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Toch, H. (1965). The psychology of social movements. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, R. H., & Killian, L. M. (1972). Collective behavior (2nd ed.). New York: Prentice-Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, R. H., & Killian, L. M. (1987). Collective behavior (3rd ed.). New York: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Turner, J. H., & Stets, J. E. (2005). The sociology of emotions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Useem, B. (1985). Disorganization and the New Mexico prison riot of 1980. American Sociological Review, 50(5), 677–688.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vaisey, S. (2009). Motivation and justification: A dual‐process model of culture in action. American Journal of Sociology, 114(6), 1675–16715.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Van Dyke, N., & Soule, S. A. (2002). Structural social change and the mobilizing effect of threat: Explaining levels of patriot and militia organizing in the United States. Social Problems, 49(2), 497–520.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wacquant, L. (2004). Body and soul: Ethnographic notebooks of an apprentice-boxer. New York: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walsh, E. J., & Warland, R. H. (1983). Social movement involvement in the wake of a nuclear accident: Activists and free riders in the TMI area. American Sociological Review, 48(6), 764–780.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whalen, P. J. (1998). Fear, vigilance, and ambiguity: Initial neuroimaging studies of the human amygdala. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 7, 177–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao, D. (1998). Ecologies of social movements: Student mobilization during the 1989 prodemocracy movement in Beijing. American Journal of Sociology, 103(6), 1493–1529.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman, E. (1980). Macro-comparative research on political protest. In Gurr, T. R. (Ed), Handbook of political conflict: Theory and research (pp. 167–237). New York: The Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA

    Justin Van Ness & Erika Summers-Effler

Authors
  1. Justin Van Ness
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Erika Summers-Effler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Justin Van Ness .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Sociology, The University of Memphis, Memphis, Tennessee, USA

    Seth Abrutyn

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Van Ness, J., Summers-Effler, E. (2016). Reimagining Collective Behavior. In: Abrutyn, S. (eds) Handbook of Contemporary Sociological Theory. Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32250-6_25

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32250-6_25

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Cham

  • Print ISBN: 978-3-319-61601-8

  • Online ISBN: 978-3-319-32250-6

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation